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Surveying > ERRORS AND STATISTICS > Flashcards

ERRORS AND STATISTICS Flashcards

1
Q

Entails the entire process of obtaining a desired quantity, including preparations (instrument calibration and setup), pointing, matching, and comparing

A

Measurement

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2
Q

Process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard

A

Measurement

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3
Q

Consists of several physical operations which renders numerical value

A

Measurement

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4
Q

Measurements are numerical values for random variables which are subject to

A

statistical fluctuations

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5
Q

due to observational errors

A

Statistical variations

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6
Q

refers to the difference between the measured or calculated value of a quantity and a given or established (true) value of that quantity

A

ERROR

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7
Q

Formula for error

A

refers to the difference between the measured or
calculated value of a quantity and a given or established
(true) value of that quantity

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8
Q

Formula for error

A

𝜺 = 𝒙 − 𝝉

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9
Q

negative of error

A

Correction

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10
Q

Formula of Correction

A

𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = − (𝒙 − 𝝉)

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11
Q

SOURCES OF ERRORS

A

Natural Errors
Instrumental Errors
Personal Errors

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12
Q

Occurs due to variations of natural phenomena such as changes in temperature, humidity, wind velocity, magnetic declination, refraction, etc.

A

Natural Errors

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13
Q

Arises due to imperfections or faulty adjustment of instruments.

A

Instrumental Errors

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14
Q

Arises principally due to limitations of the senses of sights, touch and hearing of the observer.

A

Personal Errors

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15
Q

Types of Errors

A

Mistake or blunders
Systematic Errors
Random/Accidental Errors

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16
Q

Occurs due to lack of experience, carelessness, poor judgement, confusion in the observations

If the mistake remain undetected, it may produce
serious effect on the whole work

A

Mistake or blunders

17
Q

Common Mistakes/blunders

A

➢ Reading the wrong graduation on the tape
➢ Omitting a whole length of tape
➢ Reading a scale backward
➢ Sighting the wrong target
➢ Incorrect recording of field notes
➢ Transposition of figures
➢ Misplacing a decimal point

18
Q

is a cumulative error that occur under the same conditions.

A

Systematic Errors

19
Q

Caused by physical and natural conditions that vary in accordance with known mathematical or physical laws.

A

Systematic Errors

20
Q

Common Systematic Errors

A

➢ Equipment out of calibration
➢ Personal biases of the observer
➢ Use of incorrect units (feet instead of meters)

21
Q

Produced by irregular causes that are beyond the control of the observer

A

Random/Accidental Errors

22
Q

This variation results from observational errors which have known functional relationship based upon deterministic system

A

Random/Accidental Errors

23
Q

Refers to the degree of agreement/consistency between several measurements of a quantity.

A

Precision

24
Q

It is a measure of uniformity of the outcome/result

A

Precision

25
Q

Refers to the degree of conformity/closeness of a measured value with the absolute/true value of the quantity.

A

Accuracy

26
Q

General Uses of Statistics

A

Statistics aids in decision making
❑ Provides comparison
❑ Explains action that has taken place
❑ Justifies a claim or assertion
❑ Predicts future outcome
❑ Estimates unknown quantities

Statistics summarizes data for public use

27
Q

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

A

➢ Mean
➢ Median
➢ Midrange
➢ Mode

28
Q

Sum of all the values of the observations divided by the number of observations

A

Sample Mean

29
Q

Most Probable Value (MPV)

A

Sample Mean

30
Q

Most familiar measure of central tendency used

A

Sample Mean

31
Q

positional middle of the arrayed data

A

Sample Median

32
Q

Value of observation that is midway along the range

A

Midrange

33
Q

Value that occurs most frequently in the sample

A

Sample Mode

34
Q

The total spread of the sample

A

Range

35
Q

Parameter of dispersion or spread

A

Variance

36
Q

Defined as the positive square root of the variance

A

Standard Deviation

37
Q

Refers to the ratio of the error to the measured or estimated quantity

A

Relative Error/Precision

38
Q

Refers to the ratio between the total error and the total length of the survey.

A

Ratio of Misclosure

Surveying (5 decks)

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