Measurement And Graphical Representation Flashcards
What is the essence of statistics as quoted by Sherlock Holmes?
A tool for understanding patterns and behaviors in data, allowing predictions about average behavior.
What does statistical thinking allow individuals to do?
Draw meaningful conclusions from numerical data by recognizing patterns, relationships, and trends.
What are the two primary types of data in statistics?
- Quantitative Data
- Qualitative Data
What is continuous data?
Data that can take any value within a range, such as height or weight.
What is discrete data?
Data that can only take specific, separate values, such as the number of students in a class.
What is nominal data?
Unordered categories, such as gender or eye color.
What is ordinal data?
Ordered categories, such as educational level or satisfaction ratings.
How is the mean age calculated?
Mean age = Sum of all ages / Number of people.
What is the mean age in the example provided?
39 years old.
What are the common measures of descriptive statistics?
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
- Range
- Standard Deviation
What does the median represent?
The middle value when data points are arranged in order.
What is the mode in a dataset?
The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.
What does standard deviation measure?
The dispersion of data points around the mean.
What is the main goal of statistics?
To understand why certain characteristics differ among individuals.
When are statistics particularly useful?
For studying characteristics of a population when only a sample is accessible.
What is a correlation matrix?
A table showing the correlation coefficients between multiple variables.
What does a positive correlation indicate?
As one variable increases, the other variable tends to increase as well.
What is a box plot used for?
To summarize data using the median, quartiles, and potential outliers.
What is a scatter plot?
A graph displaying values for two variables, showing the relationship between them.
What is the function of a heatmap in data visualization?
To visualize data density using color coding to represent values.
What are the steps to create descriptive statistics in SPSS?
- Click on the ‘Analyse Tab’
- Select ‘Descriptive Statistics’
- Choose ‘Frequencies’
- Add variable of interest
- Uncheck ‘Display frequency tables’
- Click ‘Statistics’ and choose indices
- Click ‘OK’
Fill in the blank: Qualitative data describes _______.
[characteristics or qualities]
True or False: The range is the difference between the maximum and minimum values.
True
What does a histogram illustrate?
The frequency distribution of continuous numerical data by grouping into bins.
What is the purpose of a pie chart?
To represent proportional data as slices of a circle, illustrating the parts of a whole.
What is the formula for calculating the mean?
Mean = (Sum of all data points) / (Number of data points).
Which variable types are classified as continuous?
- Age
- LDL
- Height
Which variable types are classified as nominal?
- Gender
- Blood Group
- Smoke
Which variable types are classified as ordinal?
- Feeling Happy
- Social Class
Which variable types are classified as discrete?
- ID
- Number of Children
What color range indicates a negative correlation in a heatmap?
Blue
Ranges from blue (negative correlation) through white (no correlation) to red (positive correlation)
What does the diagonal of a correlation heatmap represent?
Perfect correlation (1.0)
Each variable is perfectly correlated with itself.
What is the purpose of the ‘coolwarm’ color scheme in a heatmap?
To identify positive and negative correlations at a glance
Red indicates positive correlations, while blue indicates negative correlations.
What information is contained in each cell of a correlation heatmap?
Exact correlation coefficient
Allows for precise interpretation of relationships between variables.
What characteristic of a correlation matrix is shown across the diagonal?
Symmetry
Correlation between A and B is the same as between B and A.
What is one use of a correlation heatmap?
Quickly identifying strong positive or negative correlations
Useful for detecting patterns or clusters of related variables.
How does a heatmap aid in data analysis?
Compresses a large amount of information into an easily interpretable visual format
Excellent for exploratory data analysis.
What is a key strength of using heatmaps?
Effective for visualizing large datasets
Easily highlights patterns, correlations, and anomalies.
Understanding and utilizing what type of representations are essential for effective communication in statistics?
Graphical representations of data
Choosing appropriate graph types enhances understanding and decision-making.
Fill in the blank: The heatmap’s strength lies in its ability to _______.
compress a large amount of information into an easily interpretable visual format
True or False: The correlation between two variables can differ based on their order in a heatmap.
False
The correlation between A and B is the same as between B and A, ensuring symmetry.
