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Introductory Statistics > Comparing groups one > Flashcards

Comparing groups one Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of t-tests in statistical analysis?

A

To compare the means of two or more groups

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2
Q

What are the three main types of t-tests?

A
  • One-sample t-test
  • Independent samples t-test
  • Paired samples t-test
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3
Q

What is a one-sample t-test used for?

A

To compare the sample mean to a known or hypothesized population mean

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4
Q

What are the null and alternative hypotheses for a one-sample t-test?

A
  • Null hypothesis (H₀): µ = µ₀
  • Alternative hypothesis (Hₐ): µ ≠ µ₀
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5
Q

In an independent samples t-test, what do the null and alternative hypotheses state?

A
  • Null hypothesis (H₀): µₐ = µᵦ
  • Alternative hypothesis (Hₐ): µₐ ≠ µᵦ
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6
Q

What is the paired samples t-test used for?

A

To compare means within the same group at different times

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7
Q

What are the null and alternative hypotheses for a paired samples t-test?

A
  • Null hypothesis (H₀): µ₁ = µ₂
  • Alternative hypothesis (Hₐ): µ₁ ≠ µ₂
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8
Q

What assumption must be met for conducting a t-test?

A

Data should be normally distributed

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9
Q

True or False: Independent samples t-tests require the groups to have equal variances.

A

True

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10
Q

What is the purpose of chi-square tests in statistical analysis?

A

To compare the proportions of categorical variables between groups

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11
Q

What are the three main types of chi-square tests?

A
  • One-Sample Chi-Square Test
  • Independent Samples Chi-Square Test
  • Paired Samples Chi-Square Test
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12
Q

What is the null hypothesis for a one-sample chi-square test?

A

The proportion of a single categorical variable matches a known proportion

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13
Q

What is McNemar’s test used for?

A

To compare proportions in paired or matched samples

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14
Q

What is a key assumption for conducting chi-square tests?

A

Expected frequencies should be at least 5 in each cell

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15
Q

What is the interpretation if the p-value is less than 0.05 in a t-test?

A

Reject the null hypothesis

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The one-sample t-test is used to determine if the mean of a sample differs significantly from a _______.

A

known population mean

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17
Q

What statistical software can be used to conduct t-tests?

A

SPSS

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18
Q

What conclusion can be drawn if the p-value is 0.07 in an independent samples t-test?

A

Fail to reject the null hypothesis

19
Q

True or False: The paired samples t-test compares means from different groups.

A

False

20
Q

What must be true about observations when conducting t-tests?

A

Observations must be independent

21
Q

What does it mean if the p-value is less than 0.001 in an independent samples t-test?

A

There is a significant difference between the means of the two groups

22
Q

What is an example of a scenario suitable for a one-sample t-test?

A

Testing if the average weight of individuals in a diet program is different from 66 kg

23
Q

What is the correct interpretation of a headline stating ‘Half of the people who died were vaccinated’ without context?

A

It may mislead people about the effectiveness of the vaccine

24
Q

How do you calculate the death rate for vaccinated individuals?

A

Divide the number of vaccinated deaths by the total vaccinated individuals

25
Q

What is the main takeaway from the misinterpretation of COVID-19 vaccine benefits?

A

Understanding proportions and population sizes is crucial for accurate data interpretation

26
Q

What test should be used to assess if the proportion of children with high ADHD is higher than 50%?

A

One-sample χ²-test

27
Q

What test is appropriate for comparing proportions of boys and girls in ADHD classifications?

A

Pearson’s χ²-test

28
Q

What is the alternative hypothesis for a one-sample chi-square test?

A

The proportion is significantly different from a specified value

29
Q

What is one requirement for data when conducting a chi-square test?

A

The data should be categorical

30
Q

What is the purpose of Pearson’s χ²-Test in the context of ADHD classification?

A

To compare the proportions of boys and girls in high and low ADHD categories

It checks if there is a significant difference in the distribution of ADHD classifications between boys and girls.

31
Q

What is the null hypothesis (H₀) for Pearson’s χ²-Test regarding boys and girls in ADHD categories?

A

The proportions of boys and girls in high/low ADHD categories are the same

32
Q

What is the alternative hypothesis (H₁) for Pearson’s χ²-Test regarding boys and girls in ADHD categories?

A

The proportions of boys and girls in high/low ADHD categories are different

33
Q

What is the McNemar Test used for?

A

To compare paired data from mothers and fathers reporting on their child’s ADHD classification

34
Q

In the McNemar Test scenario, how many families did Tom collect data from?

A

100 families

35
Q

What does the McNemar Test focus on in the context of ADHD classification reports?

A

The discordant pairs of reports between mothers and fathers

36
Q

What is the null hypothesis (H₀) for the McNemar Test regarding mothers’ and fathers’ reports?

A

There is no difference between mothers’ and fathers’ reports of ADHD classification

37
Q

What is the alternative hypothesis (H₁) for the McNemar Test regarding mothers’ and fathers’ reports?

A

There is a difference between mothers’ and fathers’ reports of ADHD classification

38
Q

What are the key components of the McNemar Test pair data?

A

Father’s report (High/Low) and Mother’s report (High/Low)

The paired data includes counts of agreements and disagreements in classification.

39
Q

What is the One-Sample χ²-Test used for?

A

To compare one proportion to a specific value

40
Q

Provide an example of a scenario for using the One-Sample χ²-Test.

A

Testing if more than 50% of children have high ADHD

41
Q

What is the use case for Pearson’s χ²-Test?

A

Comparing proportions between two independent groups

42
Q

Give an example of a scenario for using Pearson’s χ²-Test.

A

Comparing boys and girls in ADHD classification

43
Q

What is the use case for the McNemar Test?

A

Comparing related proportions from paired data

44
Q

Give an example of a scenario for using the McNemar Test.

A

Comparing mothers’ and fathers’ reports on the same child

Introductory Statistics (7 decks)

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