Measles Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the family?

A

Paramyxovirus

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2
Q

How is it transmitted?

A

Spread by aerosol and extremely contagious

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3
Q

Where does it replicate in?

A

Viraemia, virus replication in respiratory epithelium and skin

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4
Q

What are the clinical presentations?

A
  • Fever
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Rhinorrhoea
  • Cough
  • Koplik’s spots around parotid duct orifices herald onset
  • Few days later - typical maculopapular rash from face and spreads to entire body
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5
Q

How long is the incubation period?

A

10-14 days

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6
Q

Does it confer life-long immunity?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What is it an ubiquitous infection in?

A

Early childhood

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8
Q

What are the mucosal infections?

A
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Otitis media
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9
Q

What are the respiratory complications?

A
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Giant cell pneumonia (rare progressive measles lung infection in immunocompromised/malnourished)
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10
Q

What is the gastrointestinal complication?

A

Diarrhoea due to measle virus or secondary bacterial infection

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11
Q

What kind of complications can it result in?

A

Mucosal infections, respiratory, gastrointestinal, Neurological

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12
Q

What are the neurological complications?

A
  • Encephalitis (high mortality)
  • Sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (develops long period following apparent recovery, persistent latent infection of neurons by defective measle virus? abnormal immune response to measles virus? impaired host immunity?)
  • Myoclonic seizures, intellectual deterioration, characteristic suppression burst EEG pattern, rapidly fatal
  • Cytoplasmic inclusions in neuronal cells
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13
Q

What are the neurological complications?

A
  • Encephalitis (high mortality)
  • Sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (develops long period following apparent recovery, persistent latent infection of neurons by defective measle virus? abnormal immune response to measles virus? impaired host immunity?)
  • Myoclonic seizures, intellectual deterioration, characteristic suppression burst EEG pattern, rapidly fatal
  • Cytoplasmic inclusions in neuronal cells
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14
Q

How to diagnose?

A
  • Cell culture (virus ioslated from pharynx, conjunctiva, urine)
  • RT-PCR
  • Serology (IgM assay for recent infection, IgG for retrospective diagnosis)
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15
Q

Describe the immunisation

A
  • Live attenuated vaccine adminstered at age 12 months and 15-18months
  • New MMRV vaccine includes VZV antigens
  • Confers effective and long-lasting immunity
  • Mild pyrexia but serious complications are rare
  • Contraindcated in severely malnourished and immunocompromised children, pergnant women (passive immunisation with immune gammaglobulin for contacts with immunodeficiency)
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16
Q

What is a slow disease it causes?

A

Subacute spongioform encephalopathies (Neurological diseases due to unconvential agents)
- Spongioform/vacuolating degeneration in brain