Me 5.4 Selection of Categories if Psychological Disorders: a, b, c, d

Question 1

anxiety disorders

Answer 1

a group of disorders characterised by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviours.

Question 2

social anxiety disorder

Answer 2

intense fear and avoidance of social situations.

Question 2

Specific Phobia

Answer 2

Fear of a specific object or situation
Example: Acrophobia (heights), Arachnophobia (spiders)

social anxiety disorder

Question 2

Agoraphobia

Answer 2

Fearing and avoiding places or specific situations that might cause panic and feelings of being trapped

social anxiety disorder

Question 3

Panic Disorder

Answer 3

Experiencing panic attacks
Example: Sudden intense fear with physical symptoms

social anxiety disorder

Question 4

Social Anxiety Disorder

Answer 4

Fear of being judged or watched by others
Example: Avoiding public speaking

social anxiety disorder

Question 5

Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Answer 5

excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about events or activities. Worry often interferes with daily functioning.

social anxiety disorder

Question 6

Causes of Anxiety Disorders

Answer 6

Learned Associations: Maladaptive learning between stimuli

Example: Developing a phobia after a traumatic event

Cognitive Factors: Maladaptive thinking patterns

Example: Catastrophic thoughts leading to anxiety

Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances

Example: Family history of anxiety disorders

Identifying causes helps in developing comprehensive treatment plans

Question 7

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 7

a person has obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Question 8

Trauma

Answer 8

Exposure to life-threatening events or severe stress
Example: PTSD following combat or natural disasters

Question 9

hoarding disorder

Answer 9

a persistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of their value.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Question 10

Causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Answer 10

Learned Associations: Maladaptive learning between stimuli
Example: Compulsions reducing anxiety temporarily
Cognitive Factors: Maladaptive thoughts
Example: Belief that certain actions prevent harm
Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances
Example: Serotonin imbalance

Question 11

trauma- and stressor-related
disorders

Answer 11

a group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress.

Question 11

posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD)

Answer 11

a mental health condition that’s caused by an extremely stressful or terrifying event. Characterised by haunting memories, nightmares, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli etc that lasts 4 week after the trauma

Question 12

bipolar disorders

Answer 12

A group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

Question 12

depressive disorders

Answer 12

a group of disorders characterised by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function.

Question 13

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 13

a disorder in which a person experiences five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, at least one of which must be either
(1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

Depressive Disorders

Question 14

persistent depressive disorder

Answer 14

a disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least two years.

Depressive Disorders

Question 15

bipolar I disorder

Answer 15

the most severe form, in which people
experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic and overly state that last a week or longer.

Question 16

Causes of Depressive Disorders

Answer 16

Biological Factors: Neurotransmitter imbalances, genetic predisposition
Example: Low serotonin levels
Social Factors: Life stressors, lack of social support
Example: Isolation leading to increased depressive symptoms
Cognitive Factors: Maladaptive thinking patterns
Example: Persistent negative thoughts about oneself

Question 17

bipolar Il disorder

Answer 17

a less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania.

Question 18

mania

Answer 18

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

Question 19

Bipolar Cycling

Answer 19

Periods of depression and mania vary in duration and intensity

Question 20

Causes of Bipolar Disorders

Answer 20

Biological Factors: Neurotransmitter imbalances, genetic predisposition
Example: Altered serotonin and dopamine levels
Social and Cognitive Factors: Life stressors, maladaptive thoughts
Example: Stressful life events triggering episodes

Question 21

rumination

Answer 21

excessive, repetitive thinking about negative thoughts, feelings, and experiences, often with a focus on their causes and consequences

Question 22

Positive Schizophrenia Symptoms

Answer 22

added, atypical behaviours/symptoms

Question 22

schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Answer 22

a group of disorders characterised by delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking or speech, disorganised or unusual motor behaviour, and negative symptoms (such as diminished emotional expression);

Question 23

Hallucinations

Answer 23

False perceptions (e.g., auditory or visual).

Question 23

Delusions

Answer 23

False beliefs (e.g., persecution or grandeur).

Question 24

Disorganised Thinking/Speech

Answer 24

Incoherent or nonsensical speech (word salad)

Question 25

Disorganised Motor Behaviour

Answer 25

abnormal movements and actions, including inappropriate silliness, purposeless movements, and unpredictable agitation

Question 26

Negative Schizophrenia Symptoms

Answer 26

(i.e., a lack of typical behaviours): flat affect, lack of movement

Question 27

Causes of Schizophrenia

Answer 27

Genetic Links: Family history increases risk Example: Higher concordance rates in identical twins Biological Links: Prenatal virus exposure, neurotransmitter imbalances (dopamine hypothesis) Example: Excess dopamine activity linked to positive symptoms

Question 28

Catatonia

Answer 28

disordered movement

Question 29

chronic schizophrenia

Answer 29

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

Question 30

acute schizophrenia

Answer 30

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely.

Question 31

Causes of Schizophrenia

Answer 31

Genetic Links: Family history increases risk Example: Higher concordance rates in identical twins Biological Links: Prenatal virus exposure, neurotransmitter imbalances Example: Excess dopamine activity linked to positive symptoms

Question 32

dissociative disorders

Answer 32

disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behaviour.

Question 33

Causes of Dissociative Disorders

Answer 33

Trauma: Childhood abuse, severe stress Example: Dissociative Identity Disorder linked to early trauma Stress: Severe or prolonged stress Example: Dissociative Amnesia triggered by extreme stress

Question 34

dissociative amnesia

Answer 34

inability to recall important personal information that would not typically be forgotten due to ordinary forgetfulness. Triggered by traumatic or stressful events dissociative disorders

Question 35

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 35

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.) dissociative disorders

Question 36

personality disorders

Answer 36

enduring behaviour patterns that impair social functioning

Question 36

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Answer 36

Characterised by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others, interpreting their motives as malevolent Cluster A

Question 37

Cluster A

Answer 37

characterised by odd or eccentric behaviours, making it difficult to form close relationships

Question 38

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Answer 38

Marked by a consistent pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression Cluster A

Question 39

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Answer 39

Exhibits acute discomfort in close relationships, along with cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentric behaviours Cluster A

Question 40

Cluster B

Answer 40

Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviours

Question 40

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 40

persistent pattern of disregard for and violation of others' rights, beginning in childhood or early adolescence. Individuals with ASPD often manipulate others for personal gain, lack empathy, and seldom feel remorse for their actions. aka sociopath Cluster B

Question 40

Histrionic Personality Disorde

Answer 40

excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviours, including an overwhelming desire to be noticed and dramatic behaviour. Cluster B

Question 41

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Answer 41

exaggerated feelings of self importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a diminished ability to empathise with other people's feelings. Cluster B

Question 42

Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 42

severely impacts a person's ability to regulate their emotions. Features instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, along with marked impulsivity. Cluster B

Question 43

Cluster C

Answer 43

Anxious or fearful behaviours

Question 44

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Answer 44

excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy, severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overreliance on avoidance of feared stimuli as a maladaptive coping method Cluster C

Question 45

Dependent Personality Disorder

Answer 45

Characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation Cluster C

Question 46

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Answer 46

involves a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency Cluster C

Question 47

Causes of Personality Disorders

Answer 47

Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances Example: Family history of personality disorders Social Factors: Childhood experiences, social environment Example: Early trauma or neglect Cognitive Factors: Maladaptive thoughts and beliefs Example: Negative self-perceptions and interpersonal beliefs

Question 48

feeding and eating disorders

Answer 48

altered consumption or absorption of food

Question 48

anorexia nervosa

Answer 48

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise. feeding and eating disorders

Question 48

bulimia nervosa

Answer 48

regular, often secretive bouts of overeating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging, strict dieting, or extreme exercise, associated with persistent and excessive concern with body weight. feeding and eating disorders

Question 49

Causes of Feeding and Eating Disorders

Answer 49

Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances Example: Family history of eating disorders Social Factors: Societal pressures, cultural norms Example: Media portrayal of ideal body image Cognitive Factors: Maladaptive thoughts and beliefs about body image Example: Obsessive focus on weight and shape

Question 50

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 50

central nervous system abnormalities which make for an early onset and behaviours that may not align with typical age or maturity ranges

Question 51

ADHD

Answer 51

Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity Neurodevelopmental disorder

Question 51

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 51

Social communication challenges, repetitive behaviours. have difficulty inferring how others think differently than they do Neurodevelopmental disorder

Question 51

Neurodevelopmental Causes

Answer 51

Environmental Factors: Prenatal exposure to toxins, malnutrition Example: Maternal smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy Physiological Factors: Brain structure abnormalities, neurotransmitter imbalances Example: Differences in brain regions associated with attention in ADHD Genetic Factors: Family history, genetic mutations Example: Genetic markers linked to autism Identifying causes helps in developing targeted prevention and treatment strategies