Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genitourinary Women > MDT's Part 1 > Flashcards

MDT's Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some general considerations for fibrocystic conditions (fibrocystic changes)?

A
  • Painful breast mass (often multiple/bilateral)
  • Pain worse during menstrual phase cycle
  • Rapid fluctuation of size normal
  • Most frequent lesion of breast
  • Most common age 30-50
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some signs of fibrocystic conditions?

A
  • Breast pain/tenderness
  • Discomfort worsens during premenstrual phase
  • Fluctuation of mass size
  • Multiple or bilateral masses
  • Absence of lymphadenopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Imaging for fibrocystic conditions?

A
  • Mammography

- Ultrasound (used alone if Pt <30)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the diagnostic testing of fibrocystic conditions?

A
  • Core Needle Biopsy

- All suspicious lesions should be biopsied by Gen Surg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treatment for fibrocystic conditions?

A
  • NSAIDS
  • Avoid trauma
  • Wear supportive bra day/night
  • Decrease dietary fat
  • Caffeine elimination
  • Vitamin E 400IU
  • Monthly self-exam
  • More severe pain should be referred to primary care for eval*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is fibroadenoma?

A
  • Common benign neoplasm occurring most frequently in young, black women
  • Usually within 20 yrs of puberty
  • Usually discovered incidentally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Signs/symptoms of fibroadenoma?

A
  • Round/ovoid
  • Rubbery
  • Discrete
  • Relatively moveable
  • Nontender/nonpainful mass 1-5cm in diameter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Imaging for fibroadenoma?

A
  • Ultrasound

- Core needle biopsy recommended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Treatment for fibroadenoma?

A
  • All breast masses referred to Gen Surg for eval
  • Once confirmed, no treatment usually necessary
  • Excision may be necessary for large (3-4cm) masses
  • Rule out phyllodes tumor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is phyllodes tumor?

A

Rare malignant fibroadenoma like tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is fat necrosis of the breast?

A
  • Lesion of the breast
  • Often accompanied by skin or nipple retraction
  • Usually indistinguishable from carcinoma even on imaging studies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some signs/symptoms of fat necrosis of the breast?

A
  • Common after segmental resection, radiation therapy, or flap reconstruction following mastectomy
  • Common after MVA or assault
  • Ecchymosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Treatment course of fat necrosis of breast?

A
  • If untreated, mass generally disappears
  • Core needle biopsy is safest course
  • Frequently entire mass must be excised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Statistics for Female breast carcinoma?

A
  • 1 in 8 American woman
  • Second most common cancer in woman
  • Second leading cause of cancer death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Risk factors for female breast carcinoma?

A
  • Age (Rise rapidly until early 60’s)
  • Family Hx of Breast/Ovarian cancer
  • Genetics ( BRAC1, BRAC2, and mutations)
  • Reproductive Hx (Nulliparous, pregnancy >30)
  • Menstrual Hx (early menarche <12, late menopause >55)
  • Previous Medical Hx (cancer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most reliable means of detecting breast cancer?

A
  • Mammography screening

- Slow growing cancers can be identified up to 2 years before mass is passable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the frequency recommendations for mamography?

A
  • <40: Not recommending in average risk
  • 40-49: Shared decision with Pt, if yes screen every two yrs
  • 50-74: Recommend every 2 years
  • > 75: only recommended if life expectancy is >10 yrs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some other images for female breast carcinoma?

A
  • MRI and Ultrasound
  • For those at high risk
  • Not for general general population
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is no longer recommended by American cancer society and has not shown to improve survival?

A

Breast self-examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some early signs of female breast carcinoma?

A
  • About 70% usually present with painless lump

* 90% of above were self discovered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some less frequent symptoms of female breast carcinoma?

A
  • Breast pain
  • Nipple discharge
  • Erosion, retraction, enlargement, or itching of the nipple
  • Redness, generalized hardness, enlargement, or shrinking of the breast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some rare symptoms of female breast cancer?

A
  • Axillary Mass or swelling
  • Back/joint pain
  • Jaundice
  • Weight loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is found early on physical exam for female breast cancer?

A
  • Single, nontender, firm-to-hard mass with ill-defined margins
  • Mammographic abnormalities and no palpable mass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is found late on physical exam for female breast cancer?

A
  • Skin/nipple retraction
  • Axillary lymphadenopathy
  • Breast enlargement, erythema, edema, pain
  • Fixation of mass to chest wall or skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some lab findings of female breast cancer?

A
  • Increased alkaline phosphate (caused by liver/bone metastases)
  • Increased serum calcium
26
Q

Diagnostic tests for female breast cancer?

A

Core needle biopsy

27
Q

Treatment of female and male breast cancer?

A
  • Referred to Gen Surg for work up and eval
  • Depending on stage of cancer:
  • Surgical resection (partial or full mastectomy)
  • Radiation
  • Systemic therapy (chemo, target therapy, bisphosphonates)
28
Q

Follow up for female breast cancer?

A
  • Pt should be monitored in long term
  • Local/distant recurrences within 2-5 yrs
  • first two yrs: exam every 6 months
  • annually thereafter
  • Special attention to contralateral breast
29
Q

General considerations for male breast cancer?

A
  • Rare (<1% of all breast cancer)
  • Average age of occurrence is 70
  • Increase incidence with prostate cancer
  • BRAC2 mutation common
  • Prognosis worse in men
30
Q

Signs and symptoms of male breast cancer?

A
  • Pt present with painless lump
  • Hard, ill-defined, nontender mass beneath nipple or areola
  • Current or Hx of gynecomastia
31
Q

Imaging/diagnosis of male breast cancer?

A
  • Mammography
  • Ultrasound
  • Biopsy
32
Q

Prognosis of male breast cancer?

A

5 year survival

33
Q

What are some characteristics of nipple discharge?

A
  • Serous
  • Bloody
  • Associated mass (more likely neoplastic)
  • Unilateral (neoplastic or non-neoplastic)
  • Bilateral (most likely non-neoplastic and endocrine in etiology)
34
Q

Serous nipple discharge is most likely due to what?

A

Benign Fibrocystic changes (FCC) such as duct ectasia

35
Q

Bloody nipple discharge is most likely due to what?

A
  • Neoplasticpapilloma or carcinoma

- Bloody duct should be excised

36
Q

What are common causes of nipple discharge in non-lactating women?

A
  • Duct ectasia (type of FCC)
  • Intraductal ectasia (type of FCC)
  • Carcinoma
37
Q

What is duct ectasia and intraductal ectasia?

A

Spontaneous, unilateral, serous, or serosanguineous discharge from a single duct

38
Q

What are some other causes of nipple discharge?

A
  • Milky discharge from hyperprolactinemia
  • Oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement
  • Breast abscess
39
Q

What should be done for milky nipple discharge from hyperprolactinemia?

A
  • Serum prolactin levels to rule out pituitary tumor
  • TSH to rule out hypothyroidism
  • Antipsychotic drugs can cause elevated prolactin levels leading to lactation
40
Q

What type of discharge can oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement cause?

A

Clear, serous, or milky discharge

41
Q

What type of discharge can breast abscess cause?

A
  • Purulent discharge

- Usually requires abscess done in hospital setting

42
Q

Lab findings for nipple discharge?

A

Cytological evaluation of discharge to identify malignant cells

43
Q

Imaging for nipple discharge?

A
  • Mammography

- Ultrasound

44
Q

Treatment for nipple discharge?

A

Discuss with physician sup for referral to Gen surg, breast clinic, or OB/GYN depending on discharge type

45
Q

Follow up for nipple discharge?

A

Pt re-examined every 3-4 months for a year

46
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

Blood loss >80 mL

47
Q

What is metrorrhagia?

A

Bleeding between periods

48
Q

What is polymenorrhea?

A

Bleeding that occurs more often than every 21 days

49
Q

What is oligomenorrhea?

A

Bleeding that occurs less frequently than every 35 days

50
Q

What are some general considerations for abnormal uterine bleeding?

A
  • Normal menstrual bleeding lasts average of 5 days (2-7 day range)
  • Mean blood loss during cycle is 40 mL
  • Descriptive terms:
  • Heavy
  • Lift
  • Menstrual
  • Intermenstrual
51
Q

Etiologies of abnormal uterine bleeding are structural in nature and are remembered by what acronym?

A

PALM-COIEN

52
Q

What is PALM-COIEN?

A 
Polyp
Adenomyosis
Leiomyoma
Malignancy
Coagulopathy
Ovulatory dysfunction (most common)
Endometrial (commonly hypaplasia)
Iatrogenic
Not yet classified
53
Q

In adolescents, AUB is usually the result of what?

A

Anovulation

  • due to immature hypothalamic-pituitary ovarian axis
  • considered normal
54
Q

What is the most common cause of AUB?

A

Ovulatory dysfunction (AUB-O)

55
Q

AUB is often the result of what in women age 19-39?

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Structural lesions
  • Anovulatory cycles
  • Use of hormonal contraceptives
  • Endometrial hyperplasia
56
Q

Signs and symptoms of AUB?

A
  • May have painful menstrual cramping
  • Asymptomatic for spotting
  • May show signs of anemia (Fatigue, pallor, picia, weakness)
57
Q

What does the diagnosis of AUB depend on?

A
  • Hx of duration, amount of flow, associated pain
  • Hx of pertinent illness
  • Hx of medication (warfarin, heparin, exogenous hormones)
  • Hx coagulation disorders
  • Physical exam
  • Pelvic exam
58
Q

Imaging for AUB?

A
  • Transvaginal Ultrasound

- Sonohysterography or hysteroscopy

59
Q

Treatment for AUB?

A
  • Refer to OB-GYN
  • Depends on etiology
  • AUB-O:
  • treated hormonally with progestin
  • NSAIDs can reduce blood loss
60
Q

What are some special considerations for postmenopausal bleeding?

A
  • defined as bleeding that occurs 6 months or more after cessation of menstrual cycle
  • Cancer until proven otherwise
  • Transvaginal ultrasound
61
Q

Most common causes of postmenopausal bleeding?

A
  • Endometrial atrophy
  • Endometrial proliferation or hypertrophy
  • Endometrial or cervical cancer

Genitourinary Women (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions