MD - Organic Functional Groups and Reactions

Question 1

For the group -COOH, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 1

i) Carboxylic acid
ii) Carboxy-
iii) -oic acid
iv) Ethanoic acid

Question 2

For the group -COCl, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 2

i) Acyl chloride
ii) N/a
iii) -oyl chloride
iv) Ethanoyl chloride

Question 3

For the group -CO-CO-, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 3

i) Acid anhydride
ii) N/a
iii) -oic anhydride
iv) Ethanoic anhydride

Question 4

For the group -COO-, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 4

i) Ester
ii) N/a
iii) -oate
iv) Ethyl methanoate

Question 5

For the group -CO-, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 5

i) Ketones
ii) N/a
iii) -one
iv) Propanone

Question 6

For the group -OH, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 6

i) Alcohol (hydroxide)
ii) hydroxy-
iii) -ol
iv) Propanol

Question 7

For the group -NH₂, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 7

i) Primary amine
ii) amino-
iii) -amine
iv) Methylamine

Question 8

For the group -NH, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 8

i) Secondary amine
ii) N/a
iii) -amine
iv) aminomethane

Question 9

For the group -N–, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 9

i) Tertiary amine
ii) N/a
iii) -amine
iv) Trimethylamine

Question 10

For the group -NO₂, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 10

i) Nitro
ii) Nitro-
iii) N/a
iv) Nitrobenzene

Question 11

For the group -C₆H₅, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 11

i) Phenyl
ii) phenyl-
iii) -benzene
iv) aminobenzene

Question 12

For the group -C=C-, give:

i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in

Answer 12

i) alkene
ii) N/a
iii) -ene
iv) Butene

Question 13

State how you would classify and name an organic compound

Answer 13

1) The main functional group is used as the suffix and the other functional groups are added as prefixes
2) The order of importance is used to show the main functional group; where Carboxylic acids are the most important, and phenyl groups are least
3) If you need to include more than one functional group prefix, then list them in alphabetical order

Question 14

Name the 7 types of organic reactions

Answer 14

1) Addition
2) Elimination
3) Substitution
4) Condensation
5) Hydrolysis
6) Oxidation
7) Reduction

Question 15

Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo addition reactions

Answer 15

• Description: 2 molecules join together to form a single product, which involves breaking a double bond
• Functional groups: Alkenes, Aldehydes & Ketones

Question 16

Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo elimination reactions

Answer 16

• Description: Involves removing a functional group which is released as part of a small molecule - often a double bond is formed
• Functional groups: Halogens and Alcohols

Question 17

Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo substitution reactions

Answer 17

• Description: A functional group on a molecule is swapped for a new one
• Functional groups: Halogens, Alcohols & Arenes

Question 18

Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo condensation reactions

Answer 18

• Description: 2 molecules get joined together with the loss of a small molecule (e.g. water) - the opposite of hydrolysis
• Functional groups: Carboxylic acids, Acyl Chlorides & Amides

Question 19

Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo Hydrolysis

Answer 19

• Description: Water is used to split apart a molecule creating 2 smaller ones - the opposite of condensation
• Functional groups: Esters, Polyesters, Polyamides & Acid Anhydrides

Question 20

Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo Oxidation reactions

Answer 20

• Description: The loss of electrons, Hydrogen atoms or the gain of an Oxygen atom
• Functional groups:
  Alcohol → Aldehyde → Carboxylic Acids

Question 21

Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo Reduction reactions

Answer 21

• Description: The gain of electrons, Hydrogen atoms or the loss of an Oxygen atom
• Functional groups:
  Carboxylic Acid → Aldehyde → Alcohol

Question 22

Name 6 chemical species

Answer 22

1) Radical
2) Electrophile
3) Nucleophile
4) Carbocation
5) Saturated Molecule
6) Unsaturated Molecule

Question 23

Define Radical

Answer 23

An atom, molecule or ion that has an unpaired electron

Question 24

Define Electrophile

Answer 24

Attracted to molecules with areas of high electron density where it accepts electrons

Question 25

Define Nucleophile

Answer 25

Attracted to regions of positive charge density (e.g. δ+ C atoms in molecules with polar bonds)
It can donate a pair of electrons to form a dative covalent bond (so it must have a lone pair)

Question 26

Define Carbocation

Answer 26

An organic ion with a positively charged carbon atom. They form when a bond breaks and the electrons move away from the carbon atom

Question 27

Define Saturated Molecule

Answer 27

All the C-C bonds are single

Question 28

Define Unsaturated Molecule

Answer 28

There is at least one C=C double bond

Question 29

State the 5 different organic mechanisms

Answer 29

1) Radical substitution
2) Electrophilic addition
3) Nucleophilic substitution
4) Electrophilic substitution
5) Nucleophilic addition

Question 30

State the 3 stages of Radical substitution

Answer 30

1) Initiation
2) Propagation
3) Termination

Question 31

Describe electrophilic addition

Answer 31

The δ+ of a polar molecule or positive ion (electrophile) is attracted to the electrons in a double bond. The bond opens up and the molecule or ion is added

Question 32

Describe nucleophilic substitution

Answer 32

The δ- of a polar molecule or a negative ion (nucleophile) is attracted to the δ+ of a polar bond in a molecule. The nucleophile replaces an atom or group in the molecule

Question 33

Describe electrophilic substitution

Answer 33

The δ+ of a polar molecule or a positive ion (electrophile) is attracted to an electron rich region (usually to aromatic compounds) and is substituted for an existing group

Question 34

Describe nucleophilic addition

Answer 34

The δ- of a polar molecule or a negative ion (nucleophile) is attracted to the δ+ of a polar double bond. The bond opens up and the nucleophile is added