MD - Organic Functional Groups and Reactions Flashcards
For the group -COOH, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) Carboxylic acid
ii) Carboxy-
iii) -oic acid
iv) Ethanoic acid
For the group -COCl, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) Acyl chloride
ii) N/a
iii) -oyl chloride
iv) Ethanoyl chloride
For the group -CO-CO-, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) Acid anhydride
ii) N/a
iii) -oic anhydride
iv) Ethanoic anhydride
For the group -COO-, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) Ester
ii) N/a
iii) -oate
iv) Ethyl methanoate
For the group -CO-, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) Ketones
ii) N/a
iii) -one
iv) Propanone
For the group -OH, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) Alcohol (hydroxide)
ii) hydroxy-
iii) -ol
iv) Propanol
For the group -NH₂, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) Primary amine
ii) amino-
iii) -amine
iv) Methylamine
For the group -NH, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) Secondary amine
ii) N/a
iii) -amine
iv) aminomethane
For the group -N–, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) Tertiary amine
ii) N/a
iii) -amine
iv) Trimethylamine
For the group -NO₂, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) Nitro
ii) Nitro-
iii) N/a
iv) Nitrobenzene
For the group -C₆H₅, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) Phenyl
ii) phenyl-
iii) -benzene
iv) aminobenzene
For the group -C=C-, give:
i) The group name
ii) Its prefix in a compound
iii) Its suffix in a compound
iv) An example of a molecule it can be found in
i) alkene
ii) N/a
iii) -ene
iv) Butene
State how you would classify and name an organic compound
1) The main functional group is used as the suffix and the other functional groups are added as prefixes
2) The order of importance is used to show the main functional group; where Carboxylic acids are the most important, and phenyl groups are least
3) If you need to include more than one functional group prefix, then list them in alphabetical order
Name the 7 types of organic reactions
1) Addition
2) Elimination
3) Substitution
4) Condensation
5) Hydrolysis
6) Oxidation
7) Reduction
Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo addition reactions
- Description: 2 molecules join together to form a single product, which involves breaking a double bond
- Functional groups: Alkenes, Aldehydes & Ketones
Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo elimination reactions
- Description: Involves removing a functional group which is released as part of a small molecule - often a double bond is formed
- Functional groups: Halogens and Alcohols
Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo substitution reactions
- Description: A functional group on a molecule is swapped for a new one
- Functional groups: Halogens, Alcohols & Arenes
Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo condensation reactions
- Description: 2 molecules get joined together with the loss of a small molecule (e.g. water) - the opposite of hydrolysis
- Functional groups: Carboxylic acids, Acyl Chlorides & Amides
Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo Hydrolysis
- Description: Water is used to split apart a molecule creating 2 smaller ones - the opposite of condensation
- Functional groups: Esters, Polyesters, Polyamides & Acid Anhydrides
Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo Oxidation reactions
- Description: The loss of electrons, Hydrogen atoms or the gain of an Oxygen atom
- Functional groups:
Alcohol → Aldehyde → Carboxylic Acids
Describe, and state the functional groups which undergo Reduction reactions
- Description: The gain of electrons, Hydrogen atoms or the loss of an Oxygen atom
- Functional groups:
Carboxylic Acid → Aldehyde → Alcohol
Name 6 chemical species
1) Radical
2) Electrophile
3) Nucleophile
4) Carbocation
5) Saturated Molecule
6) Unsaturated Molecule
Define Radical
An atom, molecule or ion that has an unpaired electron
Define Electrophile
Attracted to molecules with areas of high electron density where it accepts electrons
Define Nucleophile
Attracted to regions of positive charge density (e.g. δ+ C atoms in molecules with polar bonds)
It can donate a pair of electrons to form a dative covalent bond (so it must have a lone pair)
Define Carbocation
An organic ion with a positively charged carbon atom. They form when a bond breaks and the electrons move away from the carbon atom
Define Saturated Molecule
All the C-C bonds are single
Define Unsaturated Molecule
There is at least one C=C double bond
State the 5 different organic mechanisms
1) Radical substitution
2) Electrophilic addition
3) Nucleophilic substitution
4) Electrophilic substitution
5) Nucleophilic addition
State the 3 stages of Radical substitution
1) Initiation
2) Propagation
3) Termination
Describe electrophilic addition
The δ+ of a polar molecule or positive ion (electrophile) is attracted to the electrons in a double bond. The bond opens up and the molecule or ion is added
Describe nucleophilic substitution
The δ- of a polar molecule or a negative ion (nucleophile) is attracted to the δ+ of a polar bond in a molecule. The nucleophile replaces an atom or group in the molecule
Describe electrophilic substitution
The δ+ of a polar molecule or a positive ion (electrophile) is attracted to an electron rich region (usually to aromatic compounds) and is substituted for an existing group
Describe nucleophilic addition
The δ- of a polar molecule or a negative ion (nucleophile) is attracted to the δ+ of a polar double bond. The bond opens up and the nucleophile is added
