MD 1 - Food Constituents Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three macronutrients in food?

A

Protein
Carbohydrate
Lipids

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2
Q

What are the two micronutrients in food?

A

Vitamins

Minerals

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3
Q

What are phytochemicals?

A
  • Don’t fit in the micronutrients category
  • No reference values have (yet) been determined for these nutrients
  • Some have “essential” functions for humans (e.g. lutein and zeaxanthin as macula pigments for the retina - involved with precise vision and determining colour)
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4
Q

What is fibre?

A
  • Food for the microbiota.
  • Microbiota can convert the fibre substrate into short chain fatty acids that we can absorb and yield energy from (small amounts)
  • Physiological function: stimulating peristalsis in the GIT
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5
Q

What is water?

A

Medium for which all chemical reactions take place in the body
Essential

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6
Q

What are the food constituents of Carbohydrates?

A

Two types - starch or sugar molecules

Sugar molecule found in sweet food items - i.e. fruit, fruit juices, lactose in milk, confectionery baked goods/items
Starch molecule found in grains and grain by-products, starchy vegetables (potato)

Starch and sugar molecules are a large network of sugar/starch molecules attached together (large biomolecules/macromolecules) that much be broken down to be absorbed

Carbohydrates also contain other constituents such as fibre, and micronutrients

Sources of carbohydrates include grains, fruits, milk

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7
Q

What are the food constituents of Protein?

A

Two types of sources are animal or plant. Animal provides complete protein sources and plants provide incomplete sources.

Animal sources of protein include: fish, eggs, red meat, white meat & dairy

Plant sources of protein include: legumes, nuts, seeds, beans

Protein also contains other constituents i.e. lipids, and micronutrients

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8
Q

What are the food constituents of Lipids?

A

Lipids that are solid at room temperature (25 degrees) that need to be melted are known as fats.

Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are known as oils.

Lipids are not always visible - usually are added into foods via cooking methods.

Sources of lipids include sunflower seeds, nuts, avocados

Lipids can contain other constituents such as protein, carbohydrates and micronutrients. I.e. nuts.

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9
Q

What are the lipid soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K

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10
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A
B1: Thiamin
B2: Riboflavin
B3: Niacin
B5: Pantothenic Acid
B6: Pyridoxine
B7: Biotin
B9: Cobalamin
Choline
Ascorbic Acid
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11
Q

What are vitamins function physiologically for blood formation and clotting?

A

Vitamin pyridoxine, cobalamin, folate, K

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12
Q

What are vitamins function physiologically for protein and amino acid metabolism?

A

Vitamin pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, C, Choline, Riboflavin

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13
Q

What are vitamins function physiologically for antioxidant defences?

A

Vitamin E, C, carotenoids, riboflavin

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14
Q

What are vitamins function physiologically for gene expression?

A

Vitamin A and D

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15
Q

What are vitamins function physiologically for bone health?

A

Vitamin A, D, K, C

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16
Q

What are vitamins function physiologically for energy metabolism?

A

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, cobalamin

17
Q

What are the major minerals?

A
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur
18
Q

What are the minor minerals?

A
Copper
Chromium
Fluoride
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum 
Selenium
Zinc
19
Q

What are minerals function physiologically for cell metabolism?

A
Calcium
Phosphorus 
Magnesium 
Zinc
Chromium
Iodide
20
Q

What are minerals function physiologically for bone health?

A
Calcium
Phosphorus 
Iron
Zinc 
Copper
Fluoride
Manganese
21
Q

What are minerals function physiologically for growth and development?

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Zinc

22
Q

What are minerals function physiologically for blood formation and clotting?

A

Iron
Copper
Calcium

23
Q

What are minerals function physiologically for nerve impulses?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium

24
Q

What are minerals function physiologically for antioxidant defences?

A

Selenium
Zinc
Copper
Manganese

25
Q

What are minerals function physiologically for ion balance in cells?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Phosphorus

26
Q

What are superfoods?

A

Naturally high concentration of specific nutrients, or combination of nutrients.

No legislation on this definition or category of foods and is thus purely commercial

All superfoods are locally sourced, fresh, seasonal produce - that are equitable and sustainably found locally for everyone.