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MCR101 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an SI Unit ?

A

An SI unit is the International Standard unit of measurement which is the metric meter (m)

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2
Q

what are some of the different microbiology SI units ?

A

10-3 = the mm
10-6 = the um
10-9 = nm

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3
Q

Define light microscopy

A

Any microscope that uses visible light to show a specimen or slide

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4
Q

What is white light?

A

White light is the entire spectrum of visible light from 400-750nm (the rainbow of light)

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5
Q

Define transmission, absorption, refraction, reflection and florescence

A

T = light passing through an object
A = light that doesnt pass through an object and is absorbed
R = The bending of light passing through an object
R = the immediate re-emission of light after it hits a reflective surface
F = high energy hitting a fluorophore whit then re-emits a photon of lower energy

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6
Q

What is the part of a microscope you look through?

A

The ocular or eyepiece

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7
Q

What does the body piece do?

A

It transmits the light from the objective lens to the eyepiece

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8
Q

What is the turret and what attaches to it?

A

The turret is a moveable part, that attaches to the objective lens - can be moved to select a different magnification

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9
Q

Define magnification

A

The process of enlarging an object image

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10
Q

What is total magnification?

A

The ocular mag x the objective mag = TM

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11
Q

Define resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between 2 specific points

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12
Q

What is a simple, special and differential stain

A
  • a simple stain uses 1 colour
  • a stain that identifies a specific part of a microbe
  • a stain that uses 2 or more colours to identify different parts or cells
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13
Q

What is a gram stain?

A

uses dye to classify cells into 2 main types - thin or thick peptidoglycan wall

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14
Q

What is an acid fast stain?

A

Acid fast stains look at gram positive cells - or cells that hold dye. It looks at cells with waxy mycolic acids that help hold on and trap the dye

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15
Q

What is acid-fastness

A

Acid fastness refers to a cell that holds onto the first dye, and does not decolorize after washing

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15
Q

Summarise gram positive stain

A

a stain used to identify the cell type based on the wall
yields a positive result - thick cell walls and holds onto lots of the dye

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16
Q

Summarise gram negative stain

A

A stain that identifies a cell as having a thin peptidoglycan layer as it does not hold much dye

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17
Q

Describe the correct order of the taxonomic hierarchy

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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18
Q

Who devised the taxonomic nomenclature of scientific names?

A

Carolus Linnaeus in 1735 devised the binomial scientific names

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19
Q

In Escherichia Coli, Escherichia is the what

A

Genus

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20
Q

What are the 7 major microorganisms?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Animal parasites
Virus

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21
Q

Who devised the 3 domain system?

A

in 1978 it was created by Carle Woese
It divides organisms based on their rRNA and genetic sequence

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22
Q

What was Robert Hooke known for

A

In 1665 he used a microscope to view sliced cork and devised that it looked like “monk” cells
Coined the term cells and began cell theory

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23
Q

What did Anton Van Leuwenhoek do?

A

in 1673 he saw the first microbes that were bacteria and protozoa, as he called them “animalcules” at the time

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24
Q

Who won the noble prize for discovering helicobacter pylori in the stomach - proving stomach acid cant destroy all bacteria?

A

Barry Marsal and Robin Warren in 2005

25
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter

26
Q

Define Biogenesis

A

Life comes from other life

27
Q

What is the stain used for endospore staining

A

malachite green

28
Q

What are the 3 main shapes of bacterial cells

A

Rod - Bacillus
Circular - Coccus
Spiral - Vibrio, Spirillum and Spirochete

29
Q

List the structures of a standard Eukaryotic Cell

A

Cell wall if plant or fungi
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Rough and Smooth ER
Lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Cytoplasm

30
Q

Briefly differentiate the prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

A
31
Q

What is the structure of a peptidoglycan based wall?

A
32
Q

Why does Gram Staining work?

A
33
Q

What is the average size of a prokaryotic cell?

A

0.1-15um

34
Q

Define monomorphic and pleomorphic

A

Monomorphic is bacteria that takes on a single shape, pleomorphic takes on multiple shapes

35
Q

What is a glycocalyx

A

Glycocalyx is the total 2 layers of the slime layer and cell capsule - it can be both parts or on some cells, it is individually the slime layer or capsule

36
Q

What is flagella?

A
37
Q

What is Axial Filament?

A

Also known as an Endoflagellum, it is a single filament located at one end of the cell

38
Q

Define Fimbriae and Pili

A

Fimbriae are tiny flagella that help with cellular attachment - the Pili are long tubules that help with passing DNA between 2 cells

39
Q

Differentiate the Gram pos and Gram neg cell walls

A
40
Q

Summarise how bacterial motility works

A
41
Q

Describe the plasma membrane

A

The phospholipid bilayer, fluid like membrane that divides the inside and outside of the cell

It is made of phospholipids with s hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

Contains membrane proteins, cholesterols, channel proteins

42
Q

What does a Lysosome do?

A
43
Q

What is the average size of a Eukaryote cell

A

10-100um

44
Q

What is the main composition for Archaea, Bacteria and Plant cell walls ?

A

Archaea - Pseudomurein
Plant - Polysaccharide
Bacteria - Peptidoglycan

45
Q

What is Endosymbiotic Theory

A
46
Q

Define Catabolism

A
47
Q

Define Metabolism

A
48
Q

Define Anabolism

A
49
Q

How do enzymes help metabolism

A
50
Q

What is ATP and ADP

A
51
Q

What are the major reactions of the Kreb Cycle

A
52
Q

What is cellular respiration

A
53
Q

What is fermentation

A
54
Q

Describe the structure of ATP

A
55
Q

How much ATP is produced by glycolysis, Kreb and electron transport chain

A
56
Q

Which molecule is oxidised by glycolysis?

A
57
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A
58
Q

Which molecule is oxidised by the Krebs cycle?

A
59
Q

Define Oxidisation and Reduction

A
60
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

A
61
Q
A

_University Courses (7 decks)

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