BMS255 Flashcards by Indie-Rose Hartfiel

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Cognition - interpret and create info
Detection -internal and external
Emotion - feeling
Consciousness - the human experience
Communication - move info around the body
Coordination - of activities in the body

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What are the 2 ways our nervous system receives information

Sensory - internal and external environment, receptors
Motor - from muscles and glands

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What is in the CNS

Brain, brain stem, spinal cord, neurons

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What is in the PNS

The entire nervous system out of the CNS - receptors, nerves in the body

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Describe the Division of the Nervous System

Mainly divided into CNS and PNS
PNS is divided into sensory and motor
The sensory contains the receptors that allow for our senses to receive info from the environment
motor allows for body control and receiving information from our muscles and glands
Motor and sensory continues onto autonomic and somatic
Somatic is the movements we can control
Autonomic is involuntary
Autonomic continues into sympathetic which is our fight or flight and parasympathetic is our rest and digest

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What are the 3 main divisions of the brain

Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Brain stem

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What are the components of the Brain stem?

The pons, the medulla, the mid brain

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What are the lobes of the cerebrum

The frontal
The parietal
The temporal
The Occipital

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What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Main auditory processing unit
Has some processing of auditory
Some memory storage

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Describe the Function of the Frontal Lobe

Higher executive function
emotions, regulation, planning, reasoning, speech
When impacted, personality change is common

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Where is the hippocampus located?

In the temporal lobe

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What components are in the limbic system

The Hypothalamus, the Hippocampus, the Amygdala and the Thalamus

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What are the 3 layers of the meninges from the superficial to deep?

Durra Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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What is the composition of healthy CSF?

Low Glucose and Ca
High Na and Cl

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Describe what action potential is, why it is named that way and what it does?

Potential in Action potential refers to the terms “electrical potential”. Electrical potential is the energy needed to move an electrical charge. Action potential is the actions that occur to move the gradient charge. This is started by depolarisation, which is when there is a sudden rise in + charge on the membrane making inside the cell temporarily more positive

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What are the 5 stages of Action Potential in order?

Hypopolarisation
Depolarisation
Overshoot
Repolarisation
Hyperpolarisation

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What is the normal resting potential of the membranes?

-70mv

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What is the threshold for action potential to occur?

-55 to -50mv

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Describe what channels are involved in Action Potential, what are they doing at rest

Na+ and K+ are the pumps and at rest, they are mostly all closed

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Describe the basic structure of a Neuron cell

contains a cell body with standard organelles, dendrites off of the body, and axons that extend to other cells

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What are the 12 cranial nerves in order

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibular
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Hypoglossal
Accessory

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What fissure divides the frontal and parietal lobes?

Central

Define graded potential

A stimuli that does not cause a AP

What is suprathreshold and subthreshold?

Suprathreshold is a stimuli that exceeds the action potential threshold and the subthreshold does not meet the threshold - both do not result in AP

What are the 3 main types of neurotransmitters?

Excitatory, Inhibitory and both

Neurotransmitters can be built off of different chemical compounds, what

Peptides, Amines, Amino Acids, Esters

Describe the basic function of a Neuron Synapse

The information relay section between 2 adjacent neurons. They connect with the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron to the dendrite of the post synaptic neuron. When a nerve has an electric signal, it cannot continue onto the next cell, so neurotransmitters are released to the next cell that stimulate an electric signal

What does the Phrenic nerve innervate?

The diaphragm

What nerve innervates the deltoid, Teres and skin of shoulder?

Axillary Nerve

Where does the axillary nerve innervate?

Teres Muscle, deltoid and skin on shoulder

What does the musculocutaneous muscle innervate?

Flexor muscles in arm and forearm, skin on lateral surface of forearm

The flexor muscles of forearm are innervated by what

Musculocutaneous nerve

What does the radial nerve innervate?

The arm extensors of arm, forearm and hand as well as skin on posterolateral surface of arm

What nerve innervates the flexor muscles of forearm and digits and the skin on medial surface of the hand

The ulnar nerve

The median nerve innervates where?

The flexor muscles of forearm and hand, skin on lateral hand surface

The cervical plexus is made of what spinal nerves?

C1-C4

What plexus is from C5-T1?

Brachial

Lumbar plexus is made of which spinal nerves?

L1-L4

Which spinal nerves do not create a plexus

Thoracic

What nerves make up the sacral plexus?

L5-S4

Define Myotome

A myotome is a group of muscles innervated by a single nerve root.

Define Dermatome

A dermatome is an area of skin innervated by a single nerve root

Describe the flow of a sensory neuron and its axon

An afferent pathway, where sensory information flows from a receptor, to the cell body, into the CNS for processing. Cell body is located out of the spinal cord in a dorsal ganglion. A single axon bifurcates into 2 branches. The peripheral process axon extends from the receptor, to the cell body. The central process extends from the cell body into the CNS

Describe the flow of a motor neuron and its axon

An efferent pathway, where motor information from the CNS to the area being innervated. Cell body is located inside the spinal cord and the axon extends to the area that innervates it

Differentiate post ganglionic and preganglionic neurons

Preganglionic originate in the brain stem and a post ganglionic neuron originates outside of the brain stem or spinal cord

What is afferent and efferent

Afferent is the flow towards the CNS - sensory information coming in Efferent is flow out of the CNS - directions going towards the motor control

Finish the sentence The larger the axon and myelin sheath diameter_____

The faster the conduction

Define Sensation

Describe the 4 steps of sensation

What are the 4 steps required for sensation?

Describe the overall structure of a receptor