MCQ2 Flashcards
WHAT IS A PROXIMATE QUESTION?
A HOW QUESTION
WHAT IS AN ULTIMATE QUESTION?
A WHY QUESTION
WHAT YEAR WAS DNA DISCOVERED?
1869
WHO DISCOVERED DNA?
FREIDRICH MIESCHER
WHO DICOVERED THE STRUCTURE OF DNA?
WATSON AND CRICK (1962)
WHAT TERM IS USED TO DESCRIBE DNA’S STRUCTURE?
DOUBLE HELIX.
DEFINE THE TERM ‘GENES’
SECTIONS OF DNA WHICH SPECIFY AN AMINO ACID
WHAT ARE ALLELES?
ALTERNATE FORMS OF GENES THAT ARE AVAILABLE AND PROVIDE GENETIC VARIANCE
WHAT ARE CHROMOSOMES?
GENE STRINGS.
HOW MANY PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES DO HUMANS HAVE?
23
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM HERITABILITY?
THE PROPORTION IN A PHENOTYPIC TRAIT THAT IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO GENETIC VARIANCE IN A SPECIFIC POPULATION.
DEFINE THE TERM ‘GENOTYPE’
A PERSON’S GENETIC MAKEUP. HENCE IT IS DNA.
DEFINE THE TERM ‘PHENOTYPE’
REFERS TO A PERSON’S OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTICS DETERMINED BY BOTH GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM ‘EPIGENETICS’?
THE MODIFICATION TO GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT AN ALTERATION TO THE DNA.
WHAT DOES DNA METHYLATION DO TO GENES?
TURNS GENES ON, ALLOWING THEM TO BE READ.
WHAT PROTEIN IS DNA WRAPPED AROUND?
HISTONES.
WHAT ARE THE 3 LAWS OF THE GENETIC OF COMPLEX TRAITS?
1) ALL TRAITS SHOW SIGNIFICANT GENETIC INFLUENCE.
2) NO TRAITS ARE 100% INHERITABLE
3) HERITABILITY IS CAUSED BY MANY GENES OF SMALL EFFECT
WHAT IS THE WILSON EFFECT?
AN EFFECT THAT ARGUES IQ BECOMES MORE HERITABLE WITH AGE.
WHAT ARE THE 2 WAYS THE BODY CAN COMMUNICATE WITH AN ORGANISM?
NEURAL PATHWAYS AND HORMONAL TRANSMISSION.
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM AUTOCRINE?
A CHEMICAL RELEASED FROM A CELL THAT EFFECTS THE CELL ITSELF.
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM PARACRINE?
CHEMICAL SIGNALS WHICH SIGNAL CELLS WITHIN A SHORT DISTANCE. E.G., CYTOKINES.
DEFINE THE TERM ENDOCRINE
CHEMICALS / HORMONES RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD WHICH CAN SELECTIVELY SIGNAL TARGET ORGANS OVER A LONG DISTANCE.
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM PHEROMONES?
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS.
WHAT ARE THE 10 PRINCIPLES OF HORMONES?
1) GRAUDAL IMPACT
2) ALTER INTENSITY
3) RECIPROCAL
4) MUTLIPLE EFFECTS
5) PULSATILE SECRETION
6) CIRCADIAN VARIATION
7) METABOLIC CHANGE
8) HORMONES INTERACT
9) STRUCTURAL SIMILARITY DOES NOT MEAN FUNCTIONAL SIMILARITY
1O) REQUIRE APPROPROATE RECEPTOR