MCQ1 Flashcards
WHAT ARE THE 2 DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
CNS AND PNS
WHAT ARE THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)?
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
WHAT BODILY STRUCTURES FORM THE CNS?
THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD.
WHAT 3 TYPES OF NERVES DOES THE ANS CONTROL?
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. CARDIAC MUSCLES. GLAND CELLS.
WHAT ARE THE 2 DIVISIONS OF THE ANS?
SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC
WHAT DOES THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS DO?
RELEASES ENERGY AND SPEEDS THINGS UP.
WHAT DOES THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS DO?
CONSERVES THE BODY’S ENERGY FOR REST AND DIGEST.
WHY ARE THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS IMPORTANT?
BECAUSE THEY MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS.
WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN CONTROLS THE ANS?
HYPOTHALAMUS.
WHO COINED THE TERM ‘FIGHT OR FLIGHT’?
CANNON IN 1929.
WHAT PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES CAN THE FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE CAUSE?
INCREASED HEART/RESPIRATORY RATE. IMMUNOLOGICAL CHANGES. ADRENALINE/NORADRENALINE CHANGES.
WHAT 2 WAYS CAN BE USED TO MEASURE THE ANS?
ECG/EKG AND GALVANIC SKIN CONDUCTANCE (GSR).
WHAT DOES GALVANIC SKIN CONDUCTANCE MEASURE?
SWEAT GLAND ACTIVITY.
WHAT ARE NERVES?
BUNDLES OF NEURONS
WHAT DO AFFERENT NEURONS DO?
SEND INFORMATION TO THE CNS
WHAT DO EFFERENT NEURONS DO?
SEND MOTOR NEURON (AWAY FROM CNS)
WHAT IS THE CEREBRAL CORTEX?
OUTER LAYER OF THE BRAIN’S SURFACE THAT IS LOCATED ON TOP OF THE CEREBRUM
WHAT TYPE OF STRUCTURE DOES THE CEREBRAL CORTEX HAVE?
A HIGHLY CONVOLUTED 2D STRUCTURE WHICH IS DIVIDED INTO 4 LOBES.
WHAT ARE NEURONS?
DATA PROCESSORS. THEY ACQUIRE, STORE, AND INTERPRET INFORMATION AND PASS THIS TO OTHER NEURONS TO PRODUCE BEHAVIOUR.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF GLIAL CELLS?
PROVIDE ENERGY TO NEURONS AND TAKE AWAY WASTE.
WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF NEURONS?
SENSORY, MOTOR AND RELAY.
WHAT IS DUALISM?
THE VIEW THAT HUMANS HAVE BOTH A MIND AND BODY IN WHICH ARE SEPARATE ENTITIES.
WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF DUALISM?
CARTESIAN AND CLASSICAL.
WHAT IS THOUGHT IN CLASSICAL DUALISM?
THE SOUL IS A SPECIAL MATER THAT CANNOT BE EXAMINED BY SCIENCE.
WHAT IS THOUGHT IN CARTESIAN DUALISM?
THE SOUL AND THE BODY INTERACT VIA THE PINEAL GLAND.
WHAT IS MONISM?
AN ALTERNATE TO DUALISM, WHICH ARGUES THAT THE MIND AND BRAIN ARE THE SAME.
WHAT IS THE ASTONISHING HYPOTHESIS?
A HYPOTHESIS THAT PROPOSES THAT WHAT MAKES US US IN A VAST ASSEMBLY OF NERVE CELLS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED MOLECULES (CRICK, 1990).
WHAT IS THE MIND ACCORDING TO JOHN SEARLE?
THE NAME OF A PROCESS, NOT A THING. THE PROCESS IS CAUSED BY PHYSIOLOGICAL EVENTS.
WHAT DOES FUNCTIONALISM ARGUE?
THE MIND IS NOT DEFINED BY NOT WHAT IT IS MADE OF, BUT WHAT ITS FUNCTIONS ARE. THEREFORE THE MIND AND BRAIN ARE NOT SEPARATE.
WHAT DOES REDUCTIONISM DO?
REDUCES OR SIMPLIFIES COMPLEX SYSTEMS TO THE UNITS WHICH COMPOSE THE WHOLE.
WHAT ARE THE 3 BASIC SUBDIVISIONS OF A NEURON?
DENDRITES, AXON, CELL BODY/SOMA.
WHAT ARE NEURAL NETWORKS
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF NEURONS THAT CONNECT WIDE AREAS OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
WHAT DOES GREY MATTER COMPRISE OF?
NEURON BODIES
WHAT DOES WHITE MATTER COMPRISE OF?
MYELINATED AXONS
WHAT DOES DORSAL REFER TO IN RELATION TO THE BRAIN?
THE TOP OF THE BRAIN
WHAT DOES ANTERIOR REFER TO IN RELATION TO THE BRAIN?
TOWARDS THE FRONT
WHAT DOES VENTRAL REFER TO IN RELATION TO THE BRAIN?
THE UNDERNEATH / THE BELLY
WHAT DOES POSTERIOR MEAN IN RELATION TO THE BRAIN?
TOWARDS THE BACK
WHAT DOES LATERAL MEAN IN RELATION TO THE BRAIN?
THE SIDES?
WHAT DOES BRAIN LATERALISATION MEAN?
SOME FUNCTIONS ARE MAINLY CONTROLLED BY ONE HEMISPHERE
WHAT IS THE CORPUS CALLOSUM?
BUNCH OF FIBRES WHICH CONNECTS THE TWO HEMISPHERES AND COORDINATES THEIR FUNCTION
WHAT DOES THE BRAIN STEM COMPRISE OF?
MEDULLA AND THE PONS.
WHAT DOES THE HIND BRAIN COMPRISE OF?
BRAIN STEM AND THE CEREBELLUM
WHAT BRAIN PART IS REFERRED TO AS THE ‘LITTLE BRAIN’?
CEREBELLUM
WHAT ARE THE TWO SUBDIVISIONS OF THE MIDBRAIN?
TECTUM AND TEGMENTUM
WHAT ARE VENTRICLES?
CSF FLUID FILLED SPACES
WHAT ARE THE 4 LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX?
FRONTAL. TEMPORAL. OCCIPITAL. PARIETAL.
WHAT DOES THE FRONTAL LOBE DO?
HIGHER LEVEL COGNITION SUCH AS DECISION MAKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PARIETAL LOBE?
TO BRING TOGETHER INFORMATION FROM OTHER SOURCES INTO ONE PLACE. ITS A MULTISENSORY INTERGRATION SYSTEM.
WHAT IS THE TEMPORAL LOBE’S PURPOSE?
AUDITION, SMELL, LANGUAGE AND MEMORY.
WHAT ARE THE 4 WAYS OF MEASURING BRAIN ACTIVITY?
EEG. MEG. fMRI. PET.
HOW DOES AN EEG WORK?
ELECTRODES ARE PLACED UPON THE SCALP AND MEASURE VOLTAGE DIFFERENCES
WHAT DOES AN EEG MEASURE?
ELECTRIC FIELDS PRODUCED VIA THE BRAIN’S NEURONS FIRING. AKA IT MEASURES EPSP’S.
WHAT CAN A EEG NOT MEASURE?
ACTION POTENTIALS
WHY DO SIGNALS DETECTED BY EEGS BECOME DISTORTED?
THE SIGNAL MUST PASS THROUGH MANY TISSUE LAYERS
WHAT IS AN ERP?
AVERAGE, DISCRETE BRAIN RESPONSE THAT REFLECTS CORTICOL ACTIVITY
WHAT DOES ERP STAND FOR?
EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL
WHAT BRAIN ACTIVITY MEASURING TECHNIQUES CAN RECORD AN ERP?
EEG AND MEG.
GIVE SOME EEG ARTEFACTS…
BLINKING. EYE AND HEAD MOVEMENTS.
WHAT DOES AN MEG MEASURE?
THE MAGNETIC FIELDS THAT ACCOMAPNY THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN THE BRAIN.
WHAT DOES A fMRI DETECT?
CHANGES IN BLOOD OXYGENATION AND FLOW WHICH IS TIGHTLY COUPLED WITH INCREASED NEURAL ACTIVITY.
HOW DOES A PET SCAN WORK?
PATIENTS ARE INJECTED WITH A RADIOACTIVE TRACER SUBSTANCE WHICH THE SCANNER DETECTS AND LOCALISES.
WHICH BRAIN MEASURING TECHNIQUE HAS THE BEST SPATIAL RESOLUTION?
fMRI
WHICH BRAIN MEASURING TECHNIQUE HAS THE BEST TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
EEG AND MEG
WHICH BRAIN MEASURING TECHNIQUE IS THE MOST INVASIVE?
PET
WHICH BRAIN MEASURING TECHNIQUE(S) ARE INDIRECT?
fMRI AND PET
WHICH BRAIN MEASURING TECHNIQUE(S) ARE DIRECT?
EEG AND MEG
WHAT IS THE RESTING POTENTIAL IN mV?
-70
WHAT IS MEANT BY HYPERPOLARISATION?
INCREASING THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE THROUGH MAKING IT MORE NEGATIVE
WHAT IS MEANT BY DEPOLARISATION?
A REDUCTION IN THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL. THUS IT OCCURS WHEN THE RESTING POTENTIAL MOVES CLOSER TO 0.
WHAT IS AN IPSP?
INHIBITORY POST SYNPATIC POTENTIAL.
DOES AN IPSP HYPER OR DEPOLARISE AN AXON?
HYPERPOLARISES - MAKING IT LESS LIKELY TO FIRE.
WHAT IS AN EPSP?
EXCITATORY POST SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL
WHAT ARE THE TWO FORCES INVOLVED IN ACTION POTENTIALS?
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT AND ELECTROSTATIC GRADIENT.
WHAT IS Na+?
SODIUM IONS
WHAT IS K+?
POTASSIUM IONS
WHAT DOES THE SODIUM/POTASSIUM PUMP DO?
HELPS MAINTAIN THE RESTING POTNETIAL BY PUMPING SODIUM BACK OUTSIDE THE AXON AND PUMPING POTASSIUM INSIDE THE AXON.
WHAT EFFECT DOES THE ARP HAVE ON FUTURE ACTION POTENTIALS?
FOR AROUND 1ms AFTER AN ACTION POTENTIAL HAS BEEN TRIGGERED, THIS SECTION OF THE AXON CANNOT BE TRIGGERED AGAIN
WHAT CAN TRIGGER AN ACTION POTENTIAL?
MULTIPLE EPSP THAT OCCUR TOGETHER
WHAT IS AN ARP?
ABSOLUTE REFRACTION PERIOD
WHAT IS THE MYELIN SHEATH?
FAT RICH WRAPPING THAT INSULATES THE AXONS AND HELPS TO CONDUCT THE IMPULSE RAPIDLY
WHAT IS THE AXON HILLOCK?
THE REGION WHERE THE AXON AND SOMA MEET
WHAT IS A SYNAPSE?
A STRUCTURE THAT PERMITS A NEURON TO PASS AN ELECTRICAL OR CHEMICAL SIGNAL TO ANOTHER CELL/NEURON/MUSCLE.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY SYNAPSES?
BECAUSE THE ACTION OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS, MENTAL DISORDERS, THE BIOLOGY OF MEMORY AND NERVOUS SYSTEM OPERATIONS CANNOT BE UNDERSTOOD OR TREATED WITHOUT SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION KNOWLEDGE.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF SYNAPSES?
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES AND CHEMICAL SYNAPSES.
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES?
GAP JUNCTIONS
HOW DO ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES WORK?
IONS FLOW FROM THE CYTOPLASM OF ONE NEURON TO THE CYTOPLASM OF THE TARGET NEURON THROUGH CHANNELS KNOWN AS CONNEXONS.
WHICH SYNPASE TYPE IS MORE COMMON IN HUMANS?
CHEMICAL SYNAPSES
WHY ARE MITOCHONDRIA IMPORTANT IN CHEMICAL SYNAPSES?
THEY RELASE AND STORE ENERGY
WHAT IS THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (NMJ)?
A SYNAPSE BETWEEN MOTOR NEURONS AND MUSCLES. IT IS THE LARGEST SYNAPSES IN THE BODY.
WHAT ARE THE BASIC STEPS OF CHEMICAL SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION?
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYNTHESIS AND LOADING INTO SYNAPTIC VESICLES. THESE THEN FUSE TOP PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE RELEASED AND FLOW INTO SYNAPTIC CLEFT. THEY BIND TO POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTORS AND STIMULATE AN ELECTRICAL RESPONSE. REMOVAL OF EXCESS NEUROTRANSMITTER FROM CLEFT OCCURS.
WHAT ARE THE 3 CATEGORIES FOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS?
SMALL MOLECULE. NEUROPEPTIDES. TRANSMITTER GASES.
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTER?
GLUTAMATE
WHAT IS EXOCYTOSIS?
THE PROCESS BY WHICH VESICLES RELASE CONTENTS AND MEMBRANES OF SYNAPTIC VESICLES FUSE WITH THE PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE.
HOW ARE NEUROTRANSMITTERS REMOVED FROM THE SYNAPTIC CLEFT?
THEY MAY SIMPLY DIFFUSE AWAY. OR ENZYMES WITHIN THE CLEFT MAY DEACTIVATE OR METABOLIZE THEM. OR REUPTAKE PUMPS MAY PUMP THE NEUROTRANSMITTER BACK INTOI THE PRESYNAPTIC AXON TERMINAL.
WHAT IS PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF DRUG-INDUCED CHANGES IN MOOD, SENSATION, THINKING, AND BEHAVIOUR,.
WHAT IS BELEIVED TO CAUSE MOST MENTAL DISORDERS IN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY?
DYSFUNCTION IN THE ACTION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
WHAT STAGES OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION CAN BE AFFECTED BY DRUGS?
SYTHENSIS. RELEASE. RECEPTOR ACTION. INACTIVATION / REMOVAL FROM SYNAPTIC CLEFT.
WHAT ARE AGONIST DRUGS?
THESE ARE DRUGS WHICH MIMIC OF ENHANCE THE EFFECT OF A PARTICULAR NEUROTRANSMITTER. HENCE, THEY FIT AND ACTIVATE RECEPTORS.
WHAT ARE ANTAGONIST DRUGS?
THESE ARE DRUGS WHICH BLOCK OR REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF A NEUROTRANSMITTER. THEY OCCUPY RECEPTORS BUT DO NOT ACTIVATE THEM.
WHEN ARE AGONIST DRUGS USED?
IN TREATING CONDITIONS INVOLVING UNDERACTIVITY OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
WHEN ARE ANTAGONIST DRUGS USED?
IN TREATING CONDITIONS INVOLVING OVERACTIVITY OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
WHAT IS THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM IMPORTANT FOR?
MOTOR BEHAVIOUR, EXPEREINCE OF REWARD/PLEASURE AND LEARNING.
WHAT CONDITION IS CAUSED BY TOO LITTLE DOPAMINE?
PARKINSON’S WHICH CAUSES EXTREME RIGIDTY AND TREMORS).
WHAT STAGE OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION DOES L-DOPA IMPACT?
STAGE 1 - SYTHESIS
WHAT DISORDER IS CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY?
SCHIZOPHRENIA WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY DELUSIONS, HALLUCINATIONS, DISTURBED EMOTIONS AND MOTOR ABNORMALITIES.
HOW IS SCHIZOPHRENIA TREATED?
THROUGH ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS LIKE LARGACTIL WHICH BLOCKS DOPAMINE RECEPTORS.
WHAT CONDITION IS ASSOCIATED WITH TOO MUCH SEROTONIN?
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
WHAT CONDITION IS ASSOCIATED WITH TOO LITTLE SEROTONIN?
DEPRESSION
HOW DOE SEROTONIN REUP TAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS) WORKS?
SSRIS LIKE PROZAC WORK BY BLOCKING THE RE-UP TAKE TRANSPORTED THAT TAKES IT SEROTONIN BACK INTO THE AXON TERMINAL.
