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MCQ semester 2 exam Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how does the economic model address deaths as?

A

suicide

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2
Q

according to the economic model, how can life be postponed?

A

if more resources are invested in prolonging life

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3
Q

in what model is the patient not responsible for their condition?

A

biomedical

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4
Q

what is the only cause in biomedical model?

A

biological factor; virus, pathogen

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5
Q

what are the 4 factors which affect decisions in the health belief model?

A
  1. percieved susceptability
  2. percieved severity
  3. percieved benefits and barriers of treatment
  4. cues to action
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6
Q

for someone to acknowledge a health problem, what 2 things must they think in terms of the health belief model?

A
  1. percieved as severe

2. benefits outweigh barriers

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7
Q

2 theories of health behaviour

A
  1. health belief model

2. theory of planned behaviour

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8
Q

according to the theory of planned behaviour, what 3 things are our intentions shaped by?

A
  1. attitudes toward behaviour
  2. subjective norms
  3. behavioural control
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9
Q

what is cognitive dissonance? give an eg

A

holding 2 cognitive opinions which are psychologically insonconsistent and cause tension

smoking is bad - but i still do it

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10
Q

what are todays stressors?

A

psychological - heavy workload

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11
Q

what is psychoneuroimmunology?

A

study of how psychological factors can affect the immune system

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12
Q

In the stressful disposition study, what traits did cardiac patients share?

A
  1. male
  2. impatient
  3. ambitious
  4. competitive
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13
Q

which personality type has a suggested higher associated risk of heart disease & high blood pressure?

A

type A

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14
Q

describe traits of personalality B

A

laid back, easy going, relaxed, not ambitious

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15
Q

describe traits of personalality C

A 
obeys norms 
helpless, hopeless
lack assertiveness 
suppression of strong emotion (anger)
avoids conflict
lack of control
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16
Q

what scale measures stress using stressful life events?

A

social readjustment rating scale

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17
Q

what score on the SRRS gives an 80% stress score?

A

> 300

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18
Q

3 weaknesses of the SRRS?

A
  1. correlation is not causation
  2. doesnt include daily stressors
  3. individual differences
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19
Q

3 components of depression

A
  1. cognitive
  2. physiological
  3. behavioural
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20
Q

what is a coping strategy for women who have depression?

A

admitting the problem to help the situation

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21
Q

who did a study about learned helplessness?

A

Gross

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22
Q

what is learned helplessness?

A

when you try but you keep failing so you give up

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23
Q

most popular treatment for anxiety and depression

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

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24
Q

what theory is the CBT based on ?

A

ABC

a) activating event
b) individual beleifs
c) individual emotions

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25
Q

3 roles of Public Health England

A
  1. health promotion
  2. health protection
  3. healthcare improvement
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26
Q

who wrote the social model to health?

A

Dahlgreen & whitehead

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27
Q

5 layers of social model to health

A
  1. age, gender
  2. individual lifestyle factors
  3. social & community networks
  4. structural factors
  5. environmental factors
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28
Q

what is functionalism?

A

everyone working together

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29
Q

what is marxism/conflict theory?

A

conflict between the classes; capitalists & workers

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30
Q

which health model does the marxist theory support?

A

biomedical

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31
Q

in what areas is there a higher rate of physical & mental illness?

A

higher levels of inequality from rich to poor

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32
Q

what condition cant the sick role be adapted to?

A

chronic conditions

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33
Q

what is the medicalisation thesis?

A

medical professionals are defining more behaviours as medical issues - this dominates over our lives

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34
Q

who wrote the theory of iatrogenesis?

A

ivan ilich

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35
Q

what is the theory of iatrogenesis?

A

harmful & detrimental effects that medical interventions can have on people

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36
Q

what is clinical iatrogenesis?

A

direct harm from treatment, drugs etc

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37
Q

what is social iatrogenesis?

A

blind belief in HCP. patients dont take responsbility.

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38
Q

what is cultural iatrogenesis?

A

people cannot cope with normal conditions that cause pain/suffering - turn to medical treatments

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39
Q

3 biographical disruptions caused by chronic illess

A
  1. self -identity
  2. future plans
    3, everyday life
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40
Q

model for coping strategy

A

self-regulatory model of illness behaviour

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41
Q

3 stages of self-regulatory model

A
  1. interpretation
  2. coping
  3. appraisal
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42
Q

what is mental health? (4)

A
  1. realising own ability
  2. work productivily
  3. cope with normal stressors
  4. contribute to community
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43
Q

what is ill mental health?

A

alterations in thinking, mood or behaviour associated with stress/ impaired functioning

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44
Q

when does stress become distress?

A
  1. lasts too long
  2. occurs too often
  3. too severe
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45
Q

5 types of depressive conditions

A
  • seasonal affective disorder
  • postnatal
  • bipolar
  • major depressive
  • dysrhythmic
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46
Q

which type of depressive condition is continious

A

dysrthythmic

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47
Q

what type of disorder is OCD

A

anxiety

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48
Q

4 types of anxiety disorder

A
  1. panic
  2. general anxiety
  3. phobias
  4. social
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49
Q

what is PTSD?

A

post traumatic stress disorder

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50
Q

what is shizophrenia

A

a discrepancy between thinking and feeling

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51
Q

which 2 places is shizophrenia more common?

A
  • city

- minor ethnic groups

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52
Q

2 groups of shizophrenia

A

+ve (acute) and -ve (chronic)

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53
Q

which type of schiz has more dramatic symptoms?

A

+ve

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54
Q

which type of schiz causes the most problems and is difficult to treat?

A

-ve

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55
Q

what is eugenics?

A

improving the human population by breeding those with desirable characteristics

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56
Q

what year did the universal declaration of human rights come about?

A

1948

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57
Q

what year was the NHS founded?

A

1948

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58
Q

In verbal exchanges, the percentage of the meaning that is commonly lost is:

A

40-60%

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59
Q

In healthcare globally the allocation of resources is based on:

A

the consumer willingness to pay

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60
Q

In Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, in the pre-operational stage a child:

A

influenced by how things look rather then logical reasoning

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61
Q

what type of care are ambulatory trusts?

A

secondary

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62
Q

Spatial problems, a symptom of dementia, is referred to as:

A

apraxia

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63
Q

what is direct discrimination?

A

treating someone less favourably

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64
Q

what is indirect discrimination?

A

putting someone at a disadvantage compared to others

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65
Q

what are aphasia, agnosia, apraxia symptoms of ?

A

dementia

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66
Q

what is aphasia

A

language problems

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67
Q

what is agnosia?

A

knowledge problems

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68
Q

what is apraxia?

A

skilled action/spatial problems

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69
Q

which are neurotic plaques?

A

abnormal amounts of protein

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70
Q

cause of alzheimers disease

A

cerebral atrophy & neurotic plaques

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71
Q

major symptoms of alzheimers

A

memory/language

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72
Q

what are lewy bodies?

A

abnormal structures in nerve cells in brain

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73
Q

what type of dementia arises from focal damage to the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

Pick’s disease

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74
Q

what dementia has symptoms of hallucination?

A

Lewy bodies

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75
Q

cause of korsakoff’s syndrome

A

excessive alcohol intake

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76
Q

dementia with symptoms of emotion and social functioning

A

Pick’s

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77
Q

cause of frontal-temporal lobe dementia?

A

degeneration of frontal tobe

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78
Q

major symptoms & cause of vascular dementia

A

symptoms = concenetration + communciation

cause: problem with blood flow to the brain = due to stroke, hypertension + diabetes

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79
Q

dementia with symptom of personality/emotion

A

frontal temporal

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80
Q

what does damage to the frontal lobe cause- dementia?

A

repetitive actions

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81
Q

what does damage to the occupital lobe cause- dementia?

A

visual

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82
Q

what does damage to the temporal lobe cause- dementia?

A

difficulties with skilled actions

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83
Q

what does damage to the ftemporal lobe cause- dementia?

A

declining general knowledge

84
Q

what is personal detraction?

A

negative interaction with someone

85
Q

what is malignant social positioning?

A

an effect on someone which causes them to feel anxious

86
Q

equations for person centred care

A

PCC= V+I+P+S

87
Q

name of drug administered to treat HIV - but had bad side effects

A

azidothymidine

88
Q

what 4 things are needed for transmission of HIV?

A

quality
quantity
viral present
route

89
Q

what 4 groups is HIV1 classed into and what is the major?

A

M - major

NOP

90
Q

most common subtype of HIV in sub-Saharan africa?

A

C

91
Q

most common subtype of HIV in Europe?

A

B

92
Q

which 2 immunological responses act with HIV?

A

cellular

humoral

93
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do (CD4)

A

inhibit HIV replication directly

94
Q

what do helper T cells do (CD8)

A

lowers viral load

95
Q

3 stages of HIV infection

A
  1. acute
  2. clinical latency
  3. AIDS
96
Q

in which stage can the acute retroviral syndrome occur?

A

acute infection

97
Q

which test for HIV is the fastest - how long?

A

Ab/Ag test - 20mins

98
Q

CD4 count in people with serious risk of opportunistic infections with HIV

A

<200

99
Q

3 mechanisms of anti-retroviral medication

A
  • block reverse transcriptase
  • block protease
  • prevent viral and host cell membrane from joining
100
Q

difference between PEP and PREP

A

prep is taken before exposure to the virus

101
Q

what is a purging disorder? give methods

A

extreme measures to rid body weight by

  • vomiting
  • laxatives
  • excessive exercise
102
Q

2 types of anorexia

A
  1. restricting - limiting calories

2. binge-eating/purging

103
Q

which 2 eating disorders cause no change in normal weight?

A

purging + bulimia

104
Q

which eating disorder leads to being underweight

A

anorexia

105
Q

which eating disorder leads to being overweight

A

binge eating

106
Q

which hormones are involved in anorexia?

A

serotonin + dopamine

107
Q

which hormone affects diet?

A

leptin

108
Q

what is there a deficiency in anorexia

A

Zn

109
Q

what personality traits do bulimics have?

A

impulsive

110
Q

what personality traists do anorexics have?

A

perfectionists

111
Q

for which eating disorder is an antidepressent drug administered?

A

bulimia

112
Q

which ED is CBT used?

A

bulimia

113
Q

which ED is psychosocial interventions used as a treatment?

A

anorexia

114
Q

6 parts of definition of communication skills

A
  • goal directed
  • interrelated
  • appropriate to situation
  • social behaviours
  • learned
  • control
115
Q

3 steps in model of communication

A
  1. perception
  2. mediation
  3. action
116
Q

4 stages of calgory cambridge model

A
  1. initiate session
  2. gather info
  3. explain & plan
  4. close the session
117
Q

what other 2 things must be done in the CCmodel

A

build relationship

provide structure

118
Q

how much % of message is derived from facial expressions?

A

55%

119
Q

what is pseudo-listening ?

A

acting interested - not listening

120
Q

difference between specific Q and closed Q;

A

closed is yes or no

specific is short; number etc.

121
Q

why are hypothetical questions used?

A

to check understanding

122
Q

which type of Q are used to get acceptance of your views?

A

leading Q

123
Q

definition of prejudgement

A

opinion held about someone, something or some group

without good reason or adequate knowledge or experience

124
Q

definiton of stereotyping

A

seeing all members of a group as having similar traits rather than individual personalities

125
Q

definition of conditioning?

A

shaping behaviour by manipulating reinforcement and punishment

126
Q

what do all behaviourists think about behaviour ?

A

learned

127
Q

what 2 ways do behaviouritst think we learn?

A

1, classical coniditoniing

2. operant conditioning

128
Q

which is more effective, +ve or -ve reinforcement?

A

+ve

129
Q

which experiment is used in classical conditioning?

A

pavlovs dogs

130
Q

in pavlov exp; what was the unconditioned response?

A

salivation

131
Q

in pavlov exp; what was the neutral stimulus? what did this become?

A

bell- conditioned stimulus

132
Q

in pavlov exp; what was the unconditioned stimulus?

A

food

133
Q

what is operant conditioning about?

A

the consequences of our actions determine whether or not our actions are repeated

134
Q

what is aversion therapy?

A

negative reinforcement

135
Q

which theory was Bandura’s bobo doll study testing?

A

the social learning theory

136
Q

what does the SLT suggest we learn through?

A

imitation

137
Q

what is social facilitation?

A

being in the prescence of others influences our behaviour

138
Q

what did Asch do?

A

exp on lines

139
Q

who did the electructing exp?

A

milgram

140
Q

what is deindividuation ?

A

when social influence overrides our personal values & individual identity

141
Q

what is audience inhibition?

A

bystander behaviour- fear of embarrassment or doing something wrong

142
Q

what is diffusion of responsibility?

A

bystander behaviour- assumption that someone else will act

143
Q

what is confusion of responsibilitu?

A

bystander behaviour- other bystanders may think youve caused the situation

144
Q

what is cost of intervention?

A

bystander behaviour- not helping due to the costs - court, danger

145
Q

in which century and period of time was human behaviour compared to animals and had a biological perspective?

A

19th - Industrial revolution

146
Q

what occured in the medievil times?

A

children seen as adults

147
Q

what period of time were children said to be born evil and they must be raised effectively?

A

reformation period

148
Q

wht occured in the age of reason?

A

maturationist beleif - children born with innate morality

149
Q

what occured in the age of enlightenment?

A

tabula rasa = children born with an inbuilt mechanism - all knowledge comes from experience

150
Q

2 social development theories

A 
psychosexual = freud 
psychosocial = erikson
151
Q

what is the psychosocial theory about?

A

at each stage the child aquires attributes + skills resulting from successful negotiation of psychological conflict

152
Q

what is stage 1 of the psychosocial thoery?

A

trust vs mistrust

153
Q

PST (psychosocial theory) : what stage occurs at adolescence?

A

identity vs role confusion

154
Q

PST (psychosocial theory) : what stage occurs at ages 3-6?

A

initiative vs guilt

155
Q

PST (psychosocial theory) : when do children begin to assert independennce - how old?

A

stage 2 - autonomy vs shame & doubt

156
Q

what occurs in the industry vs inferiority stage in terms of dependency ?

A

develop pride in accomplishments

157
Q

PST (psychosocial theory) : stage in middle adulthood

A

generativity vs stagnation

158
Q

PST (psychosocial theory) : stage in early adulthood

A

intimacy vs isolation

159
Q

PST (psychosocial theory) : who is in the integrity vs despair stage?

A

old age

160
Q

what does the biological theory; ethology state when the critical period for learning is?

A

1st 3 years

161
Q

who developed the cognitive development thoery?

A

jean piaget

162
Q

in which of piaget’s stages can the child think hypothetically?

A
  1. formal operation stage
163
Q

what occurs in the concrete operations stage?

A

thinking logically

164
Q

piaget = what occurs in the sensori-motor stage?

A

sensory + motor

165
Q

which of piagets stages is visual?

A

pre-operational stage

166
Q

which learnign theory takes cultural values into consideration? who?

A

socio-cultural theory - lev vygotsky

167
Q

3 levels in Kohlburgs development of moral reasoning theory?

A
  1. pre-conventional
  2. conventional
  3. post-conventional
168
Q

development of moral reasoning theory- Which level bases judgements on consequences?

A

pre-conventional

169
Q

development of moral reasoning theory- which stage conforms to conventional standards of right and wrong?

A

conventional

170
Q

development of moral reasoning theory- which stage involves personal views rather than conventional standards?

A

post-conventional

171
Q

4 stages in John Bowlbys theory of attachment

A
  1. pre-attachement
  2. indiscriminate
  3. discriminate
  4. reciprocal
172
Q

3 attachement types in Ainsworth and Bell

A
  1. secure
  2. insure avoidant
  3. insecure resistant
173
Q

which attachement type had stemmed from unresponsive care?

A

insecure avoidant

174
Q

which atrachment type had stemmed from responsive care?

A

secure

175
Q

what attachmen type stemmed from inconsistent care?

A

insecure resistant

176
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

where a previous neutral stimulus becomes associaited with a particular response

177
Q

who has a higher pain threshold, introverts or extroverts?

A

extroverts

178
Q

3 responses systems to fear

A
  1. overt behavioural expression
  2. covert feelings + thoughts
  3. physiological arousal
179
Q

what is an active strategy in terms of coping mechanisms?

A

being able to control pain

180
Q

what is an passive strategy in terms of coping mechanisms?

A

helplessness- relying on others

181
Q

2 psychological strategies to control pain?

A
  1. distraction

2. relaxation

182
Q

4 leadership styles

A

dictatorial
autocratic
democratic
lassiz-faire

183
Q

3 areas of action centred leadership model?

A

task
team
individual

184
Q

what is the continuum of leadership behaviour model?

A

relationship between

  • freedom giving by mananger
  • authority of manager
185
Q

what arose in the era of the market?

A

providers, purchasers - NHS trusts

186
Q

who was in charge of GP funds in the era of the market?

A

GPs

187
Q

in what era did patient centred care come about?

A

era of all change

188
Q

when was the 10 year plan started?

A

era of all change

189
Q

what year was NICE founded?

A

1999

190
Q

which health policy was about patient centred care being high quality, for everyone?

A

high quality care for all

191
Q

what did the health and social care act do?

A

implement regulating services

192
Q

who commisions CCG?

A

NHS England

193
Q

who is the CCG led by?what areas do they control?

A

clinicians - local

194
Q

which model descibes a system where the governnment allocates resources, HC is a basic human right and everyone is entitled to the HC system?

A

supply side approach

195
Q

apart from the UK, where else has a supply-side mode?

A

canada

196
Q

who is medicaid for?

A

poor americans

197
Q

who is medicare for?

A

elderly + disabled

198
Q

what models does the UK national health insurance mode; use?

A

both bismark + beveridge

199
Q

what is reffered to as beveridge?

A

taxation

200
Q

which type of taxation affects poor people

A

regression

201
Q

which type of taxation affects rich people?

A

progression

202
Q

what is deficity financing?

A

borrowing and spending

203
Q

what are earmarked taxes?

A

taxes on specific things; cigs

204
Q

what type of private insurance is used i the UK by those in higher income groups?

A

duplicate cover

205
Q

which type of private care included one that uses user charges?

A

complementary

206
Q

what is supplementary cover?

A

covers user charges

207
Q

what is alternative/sub cover?

A

opt out of government - purchase tour own -

Society & Health (2 decks)

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