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Society & Health > Ethics exam > Flashcards

Ethics exam Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

6 principles of Utilitarianism

A
  1. Greatest happiness
  2. Consequences
  3. May not know consequences
  4. Equal weight of everyone’s interests and needs
  5. Autonomy
  6. Comprimised generally held moral views
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2
Q

Define utilitarianism

A

Rightness of actions solely depend on the consequences

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3
Q

Who said this “An action is good if it brings about the greatest happiness in the greatest number of people” ?

A

Warburton 1992

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4
Q

Explain greatest happiness

A

The right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people.

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5
Q

Explain consequences

A

What consequences does the action have, good or bad?

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6
Q

Explain unknown consequences

A

We may not know the consequences that will occur after the action

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7
Q

Define morality

A

The factors that direct our conduct and practice

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8
Q

Define autonomy

A

The capacity to think, decide and act freely and independently without hindrance.

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9
Q

What is equal weight?

A

Taking everyones needs and interests into equal consideration in the scenario

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10
Q

Define impartiality

A

Equal treatment of all rivals and disputants for fairness

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11
Q

7 principles of deontology

A
  1. Act out of duty
  2. Non-consequential
  3. Unconditional worth
  4. The categorical imperative
  5. Principle of respect
  6. Autonomy
  7. Rights and interests of the individual - not a comparison
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12
Q

Define deontology

A

The rightness of actions does not depend on consequences, but the kind of action it is.

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13
Q

What is acting out of duty?

A

A duty to do the right thing defined by rationale and universally moral rules.

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14
Q

Explain an act which is non-consequential.

A

The rightness of an act does not depend on how many people are happy

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15
Q

Define the categorical imperative

A

Act only on that maxim through which should be a universal law

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16
Q

Define principle of respect

A

Treat human beings as an end to themselves, rather than a means to and end.

17
Q

Explain the principle of respect

A

Dont use people

18
Q

What is unconditional worth?

A

An individuals existence is important and valuable - you are just as precious as anyone else

19
Q

What is the right of an individual?

A

Just concerns the individual, no comparisons are made to other people.

20
Q

What are the 4 moral principles?

A
  1. Autonomy
  2. Non-maleficence
  3. Beneficence
  4. Justice
21
Q

What is virtue ethics?

A

Acting morally to become a virtous character

22
Q

What is beneficence?

A

Doing good for others

23
Q

In terms of healthcare, how should HCP be beneficent?

A

Balancing the benefits of treatment against the risk an costs. A HCP should always do what benefits the patient.

24
Q

What is non-maleficence?

A

Avoiding the causation of harm

25
Q

In terms of healthcare, how should a HCP be non-maleficient?

A

A HCP should not harm the patient. All treatment has some degree of harm, but the harm should not be disproportianal to the benefits.

26
Q

What is justice?

A

People should be treated equally, impartially and fairly without prejudice.

27
Q

Define paternalism

A

Not taking an individuals wishes into consideration, in terms of their welfare.

28
Q

4 Advantages of shared decision making

A
  1. Improve patient health outcome
  2. Reduces litigation
  3. Improves patient safety
  4. Encourages self-reliance
29
Q

4 challenges in patient centered care

A
  1. time constraint
  2. doctors should be able to explain values underpinning recommendations
  3. involves understanding not just giving info
  4. willingness of patient
30
Q

Elements of an autonomous act

A
  1. carried out with understanding
  2. carried out intentionally
  3. carried out freely without constraint or influence
31
Q

8 challenges to a patients autonomy

A
  1. Paternalism
  2. physical barriers
  3. environmental barrier
  4. social/instituitonal barrier
  5. poor information
  6. Lack of understanding from HCP
  7. Cognitive deficit
  8. Psychological issues
32
Q

Explain lack of capacity

A

Disturbance/impairment in the function of the brain/mind

33
Q

In the Mental Capacity Act, which 2 people can be designated to make decisions?

A
  1. Lasting power of attorney

2. Court appointed deputy

34
Q

Who does the deprivation of liberty safeguard apply to?

A
  1. Over 18
  2. Mental disability/disorder
  3. Lacks capacity to give informed consent reguarding treatment
35
Q

Definition of confidentiality

A

When an individual discloses information to another individual in circumstances where they expect the info to be held in confidence

36
Q

When can legal action be taken when info is breached?

A
  1. Info is personal, private, intimate
  2. Breaching will cause harm
  3. Info was given in confidence
37
Q

What is the confidentiality model?

A
  1. Protect
  2. Inform
  3. Provide choice
  4. Improve

Society & Health (2 decks)

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