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Human Structure & Function > MCQ 4 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

MCQ 4 - Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the testes

A

Production of spermatozoa by the process spermatogenesis

Synthesis + secretion of sex hormones

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2
Q

Define spermatozoa

A

Also called spermatozoon + sperm

Male gametes

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3
Q

Structure of the testis

From ball

A

Tunica albuginea = layer covering testis
Seminiferous tubule = inside testis, where sperm is made, round structures (200-250 micrometers diameter)
Rete testis = straight tubules connected
Efferent duct = sperm travels through to get to…
Epididymis (head + tail) = sperm travels through to..
Vas deferens to…
Urethra

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4
Q

Define spermatogenesis
Rate
How many days?

A

Production of sperm
Rate of sperm production - 1000 sperm per second
64 days to complete

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5
Q

Structure of seminiferous tubules

A

Round structures
Steroli cells
Gonocytes/germ cells
Leydig cells

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6
Q

Cells types within the testes

A

Leydig cells = outside in interstitial tissues, endocrine part of the testes
Gonocytes/germ cells = going to become sperm
Steroli cells = close contact with germ cells, interact + stimulate germ cells in order to become sperm

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7
Q

Stages of spermatogenesis

A

Mitosis = diploid cells
Puberty
Meiosis = haploid cells (primary to secondary spermatocytes)
Spermiogenesis = remodelling process

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8
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A 
Process of remodelling 
Package genetic material, so can be delivered
Spermatid to mature sperm
Formation of acrosome (enzyme cap)
Condensation of nucleus 
Tail formation
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9
Q

Mechanisms to ensure continuous sperm production

A

Renewable A0 spermatogonia (very 1st stage/step)
Spermatogenic cycle = sections of tubule, new spermatogonia enter process every 16 days
Spermatogenic wave = spermatogenesis staggered in sections along length of tubule

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10
Q

Hormones involved in spermatogenesis

A

Hypothalamus = GnRH, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
(Via portal vessels)
Anterior pituitary = LH, luteinising hormone, FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone
(Peripheral circulation)
Testis

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11
Q

Steroli cells

A 
Control spermatogenesis 
Sexual differentiation of male phenotype 
Mechanical + nutritional support 
Form blood-testis barrier
       Special tubular environment 
       Prevent auto-antibody production 
       Prevent entry of toxic substances 
Produce seminiferous fluid
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12
Q

When can sperm not be used in IVF (LOCATION)?

A

Sperm in seminiferous tubule + head of epididymis

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13
Q

Sperm maturation changing in epididymis

A

Sperm develop ability to swim
Surface changes to sperm head to formation of glycoprotein coat
Metabolism changes - use of glucose stores to eternal fructose
Structure changes - loss of cytoplasmic droplet

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14
Q

Passive movement of sperm through reproductive tract

A

Passive movement through epididymis
Seminiferous fluid production in tubules + absorption in epididymis
Smooth muscle contractions in epididymal wall
Movement of epididymal cilia

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15
Q

Erection

A 
Arteriolar vasodilation in penis 
Increase blood flow to sinuses 
               Corpus cavernosa 
               Corpus spongiosum 
Parasympathetic nervous control
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16
Q

Ejaculation

A

Smooth muscle contractions - in vas deferens + accessory glands
Sympathetic nervous control

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17
Q

Define accessory glands

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland

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18
Q

Composition of seminal fluid

A 
Seminiferous fluid (contains salts ions, K, Na, Cl, HCO3-)
Accessory gland secretions =
    Seminal vesicles 
    Prostate gland
    Bulbourethral gland

pH = 7.2 - 7.8

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19
Q

Causes of sperm loss

A 
Distance
Unfavourable vagina pH
Cervical mucous 
Loss at ejaculation 
Female immune system 
Oviductal fluid movement
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20
Q

Sperm transport in female reproductive tract

A

Time between mating + fertilisation = 5-60 mins
Aim = get to site of fertilisation in oviduct
Sperm moves 4-5 mm/min
Uterine contractions, promoted by oestrogen, prostaglandins, oxytocin
Uterine, cilia, stimulated by oestrogens
Chemotrophic factors from ovum

21
Q

Sperm maturation in female reproductive tract

A

CAPACITATION = lots of tail movement, loss of glycoprotein coat, increased permeability + sensitivity to calcium

ACROSOME REACTION = fusion of acrosome to surface membrane, release digestive enzyme (acrosin + hyaluronidase)

22
Q

Define oocyte

A

Cell whose meiotic divisions produce single ovum + 3 polar bodies

23
Q

Changes to oocyte at fertilisation

A

Ca2+ released from intracellular stores
Cortical reaction = exocytosis of cortical granules
Hardening of zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy
Complete 2nd meiotic division
Fusion of haploid male + female pronuclei = diploid zygote

24
Q

Functions of ovaries

A

Production of oocytes by process oogenesis

Synthesis + secretion of sex hormones

25
Q

Stages of oogenesis

A

Oogonium undergoes mitosis = primary oocyte + 1 polar body
(After puberty ⬇️)
Meiosis stimulated by LH + ovulation = secondary oocyte
Meiosis stimulated by sperm entry = polar body + fertilised egg

26
Q

Trend of germ cells in human ovary, define atresia

A

Atresia = degeneration of oocytes

Gradually decrease with age

27
Q

Stages of follicular development

A 
Primordial follicle 
Primary oocyte 
Primary follicle 
Pre-antral follicle 
(Puberty)
Antral follicle 
Ovulated secondary oocyte
28
Q

Development/Structure of pre-antral follicle

Middle outwards

A

Primary oocyte
Zona pellucida
Granulosa cell layers
Thecal cell layers

29
Q

Development/structure of antral follicle

A

Primary oocyte
Antrum
Cumulus cells

30
Q

Hormones involved in controlling follicular development + ovulation

A

Follicular phase:
Hypothalamus = GnRH
Ovary = oestradiol, androgens, inhibin
Androgens (aromatase) = oestrogens

31
Q

Effects of LH surge on oocyte

A

Completes 1st meiotic division
Primary oocyte ➡️ secondary oocyte + 1st polar body
Arrest in metaphase of 2nd meiotic division
Forms cortical granules
Increase collagenase activity, especially stigma region of follicle

32
Q

Similarities in spermatogenesis oogenesis

A

Both gametogenesis (completed at puberty)
Principles: mitosis, meiosis, cellular remodelling
Control by hypothalamic-pituitary axis: GnRH, LH, FSH
External influences

33
Q

Differences in spermatogenesis + oogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis = continuous production/release of sperm, production of sperm + androgens at same time, large output, mitosis + meiosis activated at puberty, stem cell renewal (infinite gamete number), 1 primary spermatocyte = 4 spermatozoa, continues through adult life

Oogenesis = regular cyclic release of ova at ovulation, cyclic production of ova + steroids, few oocytes released, mitosis completed at birth (all oogonia become primary oocytes, no self-renewal (finite number), 1 primary oocyte = 1 mature ovum, meiosis initiated before birth, gametogenesis ends at menopause

34
Q

2 ovarian cycles

A

Menstrual cycle = first day of cycle is menstruation

Oestrous cycle = first day of cycle = oestrus (heat)

35
Q

What are the 2 menstrual cycle phases + day number + key events?

A

Follicular/proliferative phase (day 1-14) = growing follicle, oestrogen released = prepares for gamete transport

(Ovulation = day 14) = LH released

Luteal/secretory phase (day 14-28) = corpus luteum, FSH + progesterone released = prepares for implantation

36
Q

Functions of female reproductive tract

A

Transport gametes to fertilisation site

Provide site of implantation + embryo development

37
Q

Structure of uterus

Middle outwards

A 
Endometrium = inner epithelial layer + uterine glands 
Myometrium = circular + longitudinal smooth muscle layers 
Serosa = outer connective tissue layer
38
Q

Changes to uterus during menstrual cycle

Follicular / proliferative phase

A

Increased contractility of myometrium
Growth + proliferation of endometrium
aqueous secretions (protein filament channels) = help sperm transport + maturation
Cervix relaxes

39
Q

Changes to uterus during menstrual cycle

Luteal / secretory phase

A 
Decreased myometrium contractility 
Extensive proliferation of endometrium + blood vessels
Viscous secretions (mucous) protein filament mesh = help implantation + early pregnancy 
Cervix constricts
40
Q

Factors impacting fertility

A 
Age = puberty + menopause 
Genetic + developmental factors 
Pathological factors 
Physiological factors 
Pharmacological factors
41
Q

Physiological changes at puberty

A

Activates = gonads (reproductive organs), age 9-14
1st = menstruation + ejaculation
Appearance sexual characteristics

42
Q

Define gonads

A

Reproductive organs that produce gametes + sex hormones

43
Q

How is puberty initiated?

A

Activation = GnRH neurones + hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis
Increased freq. + amplitude of GnRH impulses
Increased release of LH, FSH, adrenal + gonadal sex steroid hormones

44
Q

What’s the importance of HPG axis in puberty?

A

Delay in puberty in suppressing HPG activity

Precocious puberty if HPG axis stimulated prematurely

45
Q

Abnormalities in sex chromosomes + differentiation

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

XXY karyotype
Impaired testicular development
Infertile

46
Q

Abnormalities in sex chromosomes + differentiation

Turner’s syndrome

A

XO karyotype
Impaired ovarian development
Infertile

47
Q

Pathological factors impacting fertility

A 
Obstructive diseases 
Chlamydia 
Thyroid hormone disorders
Autoimmune disease 
Smoking (toxins - pesticides)
Diabetes
Spinal injury 
Cryptorchidism - testes fail to descend 
Varicoceles - enlarged vein in testes
48
Q

Physiological factors impacting fertility

A 
Pregnancy = inhibitory effects of progesterone on HPG axis 
Lactation = inhibitory neuroendocrine reflex
49
Q

Pharmacological factors impacting fertility

A

Manipulating menstrual cycle:
Steroidal contraceptives (high dose progesterone / low dose oestrogen)
Inhibit ovulation = negative feedback
Viscosity of cervical + uterine secretions

Human Structure & Function (3 decks)

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