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Human Structure & Function > MCQ 4 - Gastrointestinal System (stomach + Intestines) > Flashcards

MCQ 4 - Gastrointestinal System (stomach + Intestines) Flashcards

1
Q

Define gastrointestinal system

A

Human digestive system

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2
Q

Primary functions of the gastrointestinal system

A 
Regulate intake food + water
Convert food to nutrients 
Absorb nutrients + water 
Energy store 
Waste excretion 
Protect against toxins + bacteria
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3
Q

Processes in gastrointestinal system

A

Sensory inputs = appetite, taste, smell, sight
Mechanical + chemical food breakdown
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
Regulated = nerves, hormones, local factors

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4
Q

Gastrointestinal structure top to bottom

A 
Oral cavity, teeth, tongue
Pharynx esophagus 
Stomach 
Small intestine 
Large intestine
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5
Q

Internal structure of gastrointestinal system inner to outer layer

A

Mucosa = epithelium, lamina propria (connective tissue), muscularis mucosa (smooth, thin muscle layer can contract)
Sub-mucosa = loose connective tissue, exocrine glands, nerves,blood + lymphatic vessels
Muscularis propria/externa = inner circular smooth muscle, outer longitudinal smooth muscle
Serosa = outer connective tissue

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6
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Autonomic nerves in gut (parasympathetic = rest + digest // sympathetic = fight or flight) para+sympa nerves control
Have ganglia at myentric + submucosal plexus
Control smooth muscle contractions + exocrine/endocrine gland secretions

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7
Q

Controlling gut motility

A

Interstitial cells of canal (pace-setter cells)
Specialised smooth muscle cells
Pacemaker activity
Determine frequency of slow waves
Responsible for spontaneous depolarisation spreading to smooth muscle cells
(Pace maker cells to smooth muscle cells)

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8
Q

Circulation of gastrointestinal system

A

Collectively = splanchnic circulation
Contains = 15% total blood volume
Transports absorbed nutrients + waste for excretion
Portal circulation between GI tract + liver
Adjustable resistance + reservoir of blood
Vasodilation = parasympathetic
Vasoconstriction = sympathetic

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9
Q

List phases of digestion

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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10
Q

Cephalic phase of digestion

A

Head
Anticipation of feeding
Sensory input from food - thought, smell, sight, taste
Mediated by a vagal parasympathetic nerves
Activating vagus nerve in head

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11
Q

Gastric phase of digestive system

A

Presence of food in stomach
Sensory input from food = stretch + chemicals
Mediated via parasympathetic + enteric nerve reflexes, hormones (gastrin)

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12
Q

Intestinal phase of digestive system

A

Presence of food in intestines
Sensory input from food - stretch, chemicals
Mediated via parasympathetic + enteric nerve reflexes, hormones (secretin + CCK)

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13
Q

Oral cavity: initial digestion + sensory input

A

Mechanical breakdown = teeth, tongue, muscles
Chemical breakdown = amylase, lipase - in saliva
Swallowing reflex to move food from bolus into pharynx + oesophagus

Sensory input = chemical stimulation of olfactory receptors in nose + taste buds in tongue

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14
Q

Define olfaction

Nasal cavity structure

A

Sensation of smell

Olfactory epithelium = long form sensory receptors - axons all the way up to brain = long
Nerves only apart of sensory nervous system are capable of regeneration

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15
Q

Define gustation

A

Sensation of taste
Primary taste sensations = sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, water

Secretion of lingual lipase

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16
Q

Structure of a taste bud

A

Pore exposes microvilli
Support cell made of receptor cells = connected to different taste afferents
Surrounded by stratified epithelial cells = protection

17
Q

Functions of saliva

A

Maintain oral hygiene
Wash out bacteria
pH = 6-7 = neutralise bacterial acids
Anti-bacterial agents = lysozyme, lactoferrin, thiocyanate, antibodies
Initial digestive stage = chewing, form food bolus, lubricant swallowing, amylase digest starch to oligosaccharides, lingual lipase to digest lipids into triglycerides + fatty acids

Enables speech + taste

18
Q

Salivary glands - serous

A

Watery secretion

Contains enzymes + electrolytes

19
Q

Salivary glands - mucous

A

Thick secretion

Contain mucus + glycoproteins

20
Q

State whether it’s serous or mucous:
Submandibular
Parotid
Sublingual

A 
Submandibular = serous, mucous, mainly serous 
Parotid = entirely serous 
Sublingual = mucous, serous, mainly mucous
21
Q

Controlling saliva secretion

A

Parasympathetic nerves = cephalic phase, large volume of aqueous rich amylase spit, contraction myoepithelial cells, increased spit blood flow by vasodilation

Sympathetic nerves = anxiety + fear, small volume viscous mucous spit, contraction of myoepithelial cells, decrease spit blood flow vasoconstriction

22
Q

Structure + function of oesophagus

A

Deliver food to stomach
Mucosa + sub-mucosa folds accommodate food bolus
Stratified squamous epithelium to protect oesophagus
Skeletal muscle in muscularis propria = facilitate swallowing

23
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Food mechanical breakdown
Chemical breakdown = gastric acid, pepsin, lipase
Protect against bacteria + toxins
Produce intrinsic factor for intestinal absorption - vitamin B12
Food storage reservoir
Regulated input to duodenum
Regulate appetite - stretch of stomach + ghrelin

24
Q

Control of gastric secretions

A

Stimulation = acetylcholine from parasympathetic (vagal) nerve endings, gastrin, histamine

Inhibition = low gastric pH, secretin, somatostatin,cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

25
Q

Cephalic gastric secretions

A 
Stimulus from food before entering stomach 
Parasympathetic (vagal) input:
Parietal cells = gastric acid
Chief cells = pepsinogen
G-cells = gastrin 
Enterochromaffin cells = histamine 
Mucous cells = mucus
26
Q

Gastric phase of gastric secretions

A

Stimulus from food to stomach
Stretch receptors
Chemoreceptors = food + pH
Stimulation of gastric secretions by Endocrine + neural pathways

27
Q

Intestinal phase of gastric secretions

A

Food (chyme) in the duodenum
Stretch receptors
Chemoreceptors = food + pH
Inhibit gastric secretions via endocrine + neural pathways

28
Q

What is the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC)

A

Wave of electrical activity (4-5 hrs) after last meal
Mediated by motilin release from upper intestines
Move air + fluid through stomach + intestines

29
Q

Define borborygmus

A

Rumbling + gurgling noise made from movement of fluid + gas in intestines

30
Q

What makes up the small intestines

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

31
Q

What makes up the large intestines

A

Caecum
Colon
(Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)

32
Q

Structure + function of duodenum

A

Villi + crypts = nutrient absorption
Brunners glands = secretion of alkaline fluid = neutralise gastric acid
Delivers pancreatic digestive enzymes
Delivery of bile

33
Q

Exocrine pancreas

A

Secrete digestive enzymes + HCO3-
Stimulated by vagal parasympathetic nerves
Hormones = gastrin, CCK, secretin

34
Q

Bile duct + gall bladder

A

Produced = hepatocytes
Secreted into bile ducts
Stored + concentrated in gall bladder
Released into duodenum by gall bladder contraction + sphincter opening during meal
Stimulated response to CCK = cholecystokinin

35
Q

Composition of bile

A 
Water
Bile salts
Bile pigments
Cholesterol 
HCO3-

Bile salts = cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic + litholic acids

36
Q

Functions of bile

A

Digestion + absorption of fats + fat-soluble vitamins
Emulsification lipids = increase surface area for lipase activity
Forms micelles = transport + absorption

Alkaline = buffers gastric acid
Excretion of toxins
Antibacterial

37
Q

Functions of large intestines

A

Storage of indigestible food + excrete

Reabsorption of water

Bacterial source of vitamin K B5 + biotin

Human Structure & Function (3 decks)

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