MCQ Flashcards
What is the grain harvest index?
B) The ratio of grain yield to the total plant yield
Which cereal crop typically produces the highest grain yield potential?
C) Winter wheaT
What are the three main yield components in cereal crops?
Ears/m², grains/ear, grain weight
What is the optimal Leaf Area Index (LAI) for cereal crops?
4-5
According to the document, which factor contributes to high hectolitre weight in cereals?
Low moisture content and high grain density
What does the Hagberg Falling Number test measure?
Alpha-amylase activity in wheat
Which cereal has the lowest typical hectolitre weight?
Oats
What is the recommended maximum moisture content for safe storage of grain?
16%
What are the general quality criteria for grains?
Sweet and sound, absence of impurities, well-filled grains, acceptable moisture content
Why is breadmaking wheat challenging to produce in Ireland?
Breadmaking varieties yield less and require specific conditions
What percentage of the total yield in cereal crops is typically grain?
Over 50%
Which year experienced high costs due to wet conditions and reduced yields in Ireland?
2012
What is the grain harvest index?
Ratio of grain yield to biological yield
Which cereal growth phase results from photosynthesis and requires light interception?
Vegetative growth
What is the yield difference between winter-sown and spring-sown cereals?
20-25%
Which cereal crop typically has the smallest ear size?
Barley
- What are the three yield components in cereal crops?
Ears/m², grains/ear, grain weight
- What is the target number of ears/m² for winter wheat?
500
What management practice is crucial in achieving target ear numbers in cereal crops?
Spring nitrogen application
Which cereal crop has the highest grains/ear?
Winter Oats
What is the maximum moisture content allowed for safe storage of grain?
16%
What is one parameter used to assess grain quality?
Hectolitre weight
What is the minimum Hagberg Falling Number (HFN) required for breadmaking wheat?
220
Which cereal has the lowest typical hectolitre weight?
Oats
What is the typical yield of winter oats based on the document?
9.0 t/ha
Which factor most affects hectolitre weight in cereals?
Grain density and moisture content
What is the typical protein content required for breadmaking wheat?
Over 11%
Which grain characteristic impacts biscuitmaking the most?
Low starch damage
What should be the seeding rate for winter wheat in difficult autumn conditions?
400 seeds/m²
What is the expected establishment percentage for winter wheat in these conditions?
60-65%
What caused extremely high lodging levels in heritage oat lines at UCD in 2021?
Genetic Weakness
What is one risk associated with producing bread wheat in Ireland?
Protein content below 10.5%
Which year experienced excellent cereal yields but high nitrogen costs in Ireland?
2022
What year had a “bad harvest” with high prices?
2007
What is the formula for calculating cereal yield in tonnes per hectare (t/ha)?
(Ears/m² × Grains/ear × Grain weight) / 105
What is the typical thousand grain weight for winter wheat?
50 grams
Which yield component can be directly influenced by sowing date and variety choice?
Development
What are two useful yield sub-components for field studies?
Plants/m² and ears/plant
What does a higher hectolitre weight indicate?
Better grain fill and feeding quality
What is the base hectolitre weight standard for wheat in the European Union
76 kg/hl
How is hectolitre weight affected by moisture content?
It decreases with higher moisture content
Which cereal crop typically has the highest hectolitre weight?
Wheat
Which practice is essential for early crop management to increase ear numbers?
Early spring nitrogen application
- Which nitrogen application timing primarily increases protein content in wheat?
Late season (GS 39, 59, 69+)
How much nitrogen is required to produce a grain yield of 10 t/ha for milling wheat?
180-200 kg/ha
What is the primary challenge for bread wheat production in Ireland?
Inverse relationship between yield and protein
What does Leaf Area Index (LAI) represent?
The ratio of leaf area to ground area
What is the optimum LAI for cereal crops?
4-5
Which phase in cereal growth results in spikelet initiation?
Apical development
What is the protein content requirement for breadmaking wheat?
over 11%
What is a key feature of strong gluten in breadmaking wheat?
Gas retention and extensibility
What does a low Hagberg Falling Number (HFN) indicate in wheat?
Excessive sprouting and poor bread texture
Which variety has the highest yield in high-yield trials based on the document?
Savannah
What is one benefit of spring wheat production in Ireland?
Higher protein content
Which cereal crop has the highest grains/ear among the ones listed?
Winter oats
What caused mechanical issues in UCD heritage oat trials in 2021?
Poor resistance to lodging
Which cereal had the largest hectolitre weight range in 2015?
Winter Wheat
What percentage of wheat is typically used as human food globally?
65%
What is the optimal soil pH for wheat production?
6.0+
What is the depth of soil inversion during conventional ploughing?
20–25 cm
What is a key disadvantage of conventional tillage?
Soil erosion and structure damage
Which system is most energy-efficient in cereal establishment?
Direct drilling
Which tillage method involves cultivating the top 8-15 cm of soil?
Reduced tillage
In malting barley production, what is the protein content range for brewing?
8.8–10.5%
What is a critical condition for malting barley soil?
Free-draining and low soil nitrogen
What is the purpose of glyphosate spraying in ecotillage?
Weed germination and elimination
Which element is linked to “grey speck” deficiency in oats?
Manganese
Which nitrogen application strategy is used in high-input cereal production
2–3 applications per season
What is a key advantage of a fine, firm, and level seedbed?
Better emergence and sowing depth uniformity
Which component contributes the most to GHG emissions in crop production
Fertilizer-induced emissions
What is the optimum drilling depth for cereals?
2–2.5 cm
What are the three main yield components in cereal crops?
Ears/m², grains/ear, grain weight
What is the main disadvantage of higher protein levels in malting barley?
Low starch extract
In Ireland, which weather disease commonly affects barley in wet conditions?
Ramularia
Which crop typically responds best to foliar magnesium applications?
Barley
In crop rotation, what is an example of a “break crop”?
Oilseed rape
What is the role of beta-glucanase in malting barley varieties?
Breaks down cell walls for starch modification
How does nitrogen translocation to grain increase during hot summers?
Increased grain protein percentage
Which cereal crop has the lowest thousand grain weight (TGW)?
Oats
What is the primary factor affecting seed rate calculations?
1000 grain weight
Which tillage system has the lowest costs and highest work rates?
Reduced tillage
In conservation agriculture, what is a “stale seedbed”?
A prepared seedbed for encouraging weed germination
What is a major drawback of higher seed rates in malting barley?
Decline in grains/ear and TGW
Which cereal crop has the highest tolerance for acidic soils?
Oats
What is the primary reason for using seed dressings in cereals?
Control pests and diseases
What is the key characteristic of a fine tilth in seedbed preparation?
Provides good seed-soil contact
What is the primary disadvantage of minimum tillage systems?
Grass weed issues and establishment challenges
Which fungicide type was used in UCD trials on spring barley for enhanced grain yield?
Prothioconazole + Pyraclostrobin
What is the recommended seed rate for winter wheat in late sowing conditions
400 seeds/m²
What is the critical grain protein range for distilling barley?
7.5–8.8%
What happens when seedbeds are too fine?
Surface capping and reduced emergence
Which nutrient is crucial for reducing fungal disease in cereals when applied foliarly?
Sulphur
What is a key factor for successful direct drilling in Ireland?
Removing straw in high rainfall areas
What is the primary focus in malting barley breeding programs?
Improving beta-glucanase activity
What is the average moisture content required during steeping in malting barley production?
46%
Why is nitrogen use efficiency critical in cereal production?
To reduce leaching into water systems
To improve grain quality
To lower GHG emissions from agriculture
What is the ideal thousand grain weight (TGW) for winter barley?
50 grams
What is the relationship between nitrogen application and grain protein content in cereals?
Direct relationship
Which method involves chopping straw and creating a stale seedbed?
Ecotillage
In cereal production, what is the significance of Leaf Area Index (LAI)?
It represents the ratio of leaf area to ground area
What is the advantage of ploughing in cereal crop establishment?
Control of disease and pests
Which disease is associated with barley in hot, dry weather conditions?
Mildew
What is the minimum acceptable hectolitre weight for malting barley?
72 kg/hl
What is the key consideration when selecting cereal crop varieties?
Dynamic suitability for production environment
What is the purpose of applying trace elements like magnesium to barley?
Address deficiencies in dry spring weather
What is a critical step in the malting process that stops starch conversion?
Drying
What percentage of applied nitrogen is typically immobilized in soil organic matter?
31%
Which trial indicated that straw incorporation reduces grain yield?
UCD Min-Till Spring Barley Trial
What is the nitrogen uptake efficiency for cereal crops?
59%
Which factor has the most significant impact on soil nitrogen mineralization?
Soil organic matter content
Which weather condition is associated with higher grain protein in cereals?
Hot, dry summers
In cereal production, what does a “stale seedbed” encourage?
Weed germination
Which tillage system showed the greatest fuel savings in Teagasc trials?
Reduced tillage
What is the effect of excessive screenings in malting barley?
Rejection of the crop
What is a disadvantage of ecotillage systems in wet weather?
High compaction risk
What is the typical grain yield range for spring barley in minimum tillage systems?
7.5–8.0 t/ha
Which soil nutrient is highly mobile and prone to leaching?
Nitrogen
What is the ideal nitrogen application rate for high-input winter wheat production?
200–230 kg/ha
What is the relationship between grain yield and nitrogen application rate?
Linear but plateaus at high rates
What does the “harvest index” measure in cereal crops?
The ratio of grain yield to total biomass
Why is late nitrogen application critical in breadmaking wheat?
Boosts protein content
What is the average nitrogen content in grain (percentage of total crop nitrogen)?
70%
What is the purpose of rotational ploughing in high rainfall areas?
Reduce compaction
What is the main characteristic of soils with poor yield potential?
Yield is limited regardless of management
Why are spring barley crops less suited to conventional plough-based systems in wet seasons?
Challenges with crop establishment
What is the typical row spacing for cereal seed drilling?
10–15 cm
What is the role of diastatic power in malting barley?
Improves starch modification and sugar release
In cereal production, what is the effect of poor tillering?
Reduced ear density
What is the primary reason for spraying fungicides in cereal crops?
Disease prevention and yield protection
Which region in Ireland is a key area for malting barley production?
South Kildare
What is a critical feature of high-input cereal production systems?
Use of multiple growth regulators
What is the purpose of foliar-applied sulphur in cereals?
Enhance fungal disease control
Which tillage method has the greatest impact on soil organic matter retention?
Direct drilling
What is the most common issue caused by compacted seedbeds in cereals?
Reduced root development
Why is soil erosion a major concern in conventional tillage systems?
Loss of organic matter and topsoil fertility
Which cereal crop has the greatest lodging risk in poorly drained soils?
Oats
What is the impact of a fine seedbed on herbicide effectiveness?
Improves residual weed control
Why are break crops essential in cereal rotations?
Break pest and disease cycles
In spring barley trials, what was the yield reduction when 8 t/ha of straw was incorporated?
25%
What is the average protein range for spring barley used for brewing?
8.8–10.5%
Which pest is a significant problem in minimum tillage systems?
Slugs
What is the role of soil consolidation in seedbed preparation?
mproves seed-to-soil contact
What is the main disadvantage of excessive nitrogen application in cereal crops
Higher GHG emissions and lodging risk
What is the primary focus of integrated crop management (ICM)?
Balance productivity with environmental sustainability
In malting barley production, what happens when protein levels exceed 10.8%?
Crop rejection by maltsters
What is the effect of poorly timed nitrogen application in cereals?
Increased nitrogen leaching
Why is a stale seedbed beneficial in weed control?
Encourages weed germination for glyphosate application
What is the primary component measured in the Hagberg Falling Number (HFN) test?
Alpha-amylase activity
Why are light, free-draining soils preferred for malting barley production?
Avoid waterlogging and nitrogen leaching
What is the nitrogen content threshold for crop rejection in brewing barley?
10.8%
What is the purpose of a nitrogen response curve in cereal trials?
Identify the yield plateau
What is the role of potassium (K) in cereal crops?
Promotes disease resistance and drought tolerance
Which cereal establishment technique is most affected by high straw residue?
Direct drilling
What happens if seeds are drilled too deeply in a compacted seedbed?
Delayed and uneven emergence
What is the recommended nitrogen split application for high-input cereal systems?
Two to three applications per season
What is the primary focus of conservation tillage systems?
Retain soil organic matter and reduce erosion
What factor most influences the protein levels in malting barley?
Nitrogen application timing and rate
Which growth stage is critical for nitrogen application to boost protein in cereals?
Grain filling stage
What is one of the main reasons for weed control in cereals?
To allow ease of harvesting
What is a common characteristic of Annual Meadowgrass (Poa annua)?
Germinates from February to November
What is the key benefit of crop rotation in weed control?
Flexibility in sowing dates and cultivation methods
Which of the following herbicides is a residual soil-acting herbicide commonly used in autumn?
Diflufenican (DFF)
What type of herbicide is commonly applied pre-harvest as a desiccant in crops like oilseeds and potatoes?
Glyphosate
Which of the following diseases is common across all cereal crops?
Mildew
What is one of the resistance mechanisms of herbicides?
Target-site resistance
What is the most common weather condition favoring the development of Septoria tritici in wheat?
Wet and mild conditions
What is the key cultural method for reducing take-all infection in cereals?
Implementing crop rotation
Which weed is resistant to Diflufenican (DFF) herbicide?
Fumitory
Which active ingredient is commonly used for controlling cleavers in cereal crops?
Fluroxypyr
What is the primary target of Sulfonyl-Urea (SU) herbicides?
Inhibiting acetolactase synthase (ALS)
What is the recommended boom height for proper herbicide application with 110 fan nozzles?
50 cm above the target
What type of weather is ideal for the spread of rust diseases in cereals?
Warm with moderate humidity
What is the effect of high nitrogen inputs on cereal crops?
Increased disease severity
Which disease is characterized by distinctive pustules forming stripes between leaf veins?
Yellow Rust
What is the role of contact fungicides such as Folpet in resistance management?
To prevent resistance through multi-site activity
What is the optimum time for applying Broadway Star for sterile brome control?
Early autumn or spring
Which fungicide is effective against Ramularia leaf spot in barley?
Chlorothalonil (pre-2020)
Which of the following is a fungal disease that affects barley and thrives in cool, wet conditions?
Rhynchosporium
What is one disadvantage of Sulfonyl-Urea (SU) herbicides?
Sensitivity of brassica crops to small residues
What is the primary method of non-chemical weed control?
Cultural methods such as crop rotation
What is the typical persistence of Annual Meadowgrass seeds in the soil?
Up to 4 years
What is a common symptom of herbicide resistance in weeds?
Dead plants alongside healthy plants of the same species
Which crop is particularly susceptible to Take-All disease?
Wheat
What is a major issue caused by wild oats in cereal crops?
Reduced yield and high cost of control
What is the recommended strategy to manage herbicide resistance?
Rotate herbicides with different modes of action
What fungal disease of cereals is characterized by grey lesions with dark brown edges?
Rhynchosporium
Which disease is considered a significant risk factor in continuously cropped cereals?
Eyespot
What is one of the primary goals of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for cereal disease control?
Delay disease epidemic progression
Why are SDHI fungicides often mixed with other chemistries?
To reduce the risk of resistance development
What are the most common weeds in winter cereal crops?
Chickweed and Cleavers
What is a significant challenge of managing sterile brome in cereal crops?
High level of control needed (99%)
What is the primary benefit of delayed sowing in cereal crops?
Reduced disease severity
What is one of the most important factors affecting the susceptibility of weeds to herbicides?
Weather conditions at the time of spraying
What is the resistance risk of using SDHI fungicides?
Medium
What is the best method for controlling take-all in wheat?
Rotating with non-cereal crops
Which of the following weeds is an annual broad-leaved weed?
Chickweed
Which active ingredient is part of the Firebird herbicide used in winter cereals?
Flufenace
What is a defining characteristic of yellow rust?
Distinctive pustules in stripes between leaf veins
Which disease control method involves using resistant varieties?
Varietal control
What weather conditions favor the spread of powdery mildew?
Mild temperatures with high humidity
What is the key consideration when choosing a herbicide for a cereal crop?
Its ability to control the most problematic weeds
What is a significant issue caused by over-reliance on the same herbicides?
Increased herbicide resistance in weeds
. What is a common issue with wild oats in cereal crops?
They require good spray placement for control
Which herbicide group is most effective for targeting broad-leaved weeds?
Sulfonyl-Ureas
Why is integrated disease management important in cereal production?
It helps delay the progression of disease epidemics
What is a common weather-related factor increasing the risk of Septoria tritici in wheat?
Wet and mild conditions in winter
What is one of the main effects of grass weeds in cereal crops?
Competition leading to reduced crop yield
Which non-chemical method can provide up to 90% weed control for certain grass weed species?
Ploughing to invert soil
What is a notable advantage of herbicides with multiple active ingredients in cereals?
Greater efficacy against resistant weed species
What is the primary factor influencing the carryover of Sulfonyl-Urea (SU) herbicides in the soil?
Soil PH
What weed is considered a major problem in minimum tillage systems?
Sterile Brome
What is the ideal window for applying Alister herbicide in winter cereals?
GS 13 to GS 30
What is the recommended strategy to optimize herbicide application?
Maintain boom height at 50 cm above the target
What weed is characterized as an annual grass weed?
Annual Meadowgrass
What is the primary drawback of hormonal herbicides?
Risk of damage to nearby sensitive crops
What is a key recommendation to prevent fungicide resistance in cereal crops?
Limit the number of applications per season
Which fungal disease of barley is characterized by pale grey-green water-soaked lesions?
Rhynchosporium
What is the primary cultural objective for controlling diseases in cereals?
To reduce inoculum and initial infection levels
Which fungicide group provides both curative and protective activity in cereals?Which fungicide group provides both curative and protective activity in cereals?
Triazoles
What is a defining feature of Septoria tritici’s life cycle?
It involves both sexual and asexual reproduction.
What is a major factor driving the spread of Rhynchosporium in barley?
Rain splash dispersal of spores
What is the purpose of the herbicide Firebird in winter cereals?
Residual control of grass and broad-leaved weeds
. Which crop disease is characterized by a white fluffy pustule in its early stages?. Which crop disease is characterized by a white fluffy pustule in its early stages?
Powdery Mildew
What is one of the most common challenges with chemical weed control in cereals?
The risk of developing herbicide resistance
What factor significantly increases the severity of Take-All in cereals?
Continuous cereal cropping
Which type of herbicide is described as having “no curative activity” and must be applied preventatively?
Multi-site inhibitors
Why is herbicide application on cloddy ground less effective?
Poor coverage leads to uneven weed control
Which weed germinates from February to November and produces an average of 2,050 seeds per plant?
Annual Meadowgrass
What is the primary goal of using delayed sowing as a cultural disease control method?
To delay the onset of foliar diseases
What are the typical symptoms of herbicide-resistant weeds?
) Healthy weeds in patches among dead weeds
What is one drawback of minimum tillage in cereal crop systems?
Increased prevalence of sterile brome
. Why are resistant varieties of cereals desirable in Integrated Crop Management (ICM)?
They reduce the impact of foliar diseases
What is a characteristic of the fungal disease Septoria tritici in wheat?
It reproduces sexually and asexually.
What is the primary issue caused by a heavy seed bank of weeds like wild oats?
Long-term weed problems across seasons
Which disease management strategy is most effective for controlling eyespot in cereals?
Rotating crops with non-host species
What is the preferred application timing for Axial Pro in controlling wild oats?
Early emergence
What is the most important factor in ensuring successful herbicide application?
Proper sprayer calibration and boom height
What is the primary reason for controlling weeds in crop production?
To reduce the competition effect and improve crop yield
Which of the following is NOT a common competitive weed that affects crop yield?
Ragwort
Which method of weed control involves using ploughing to invert the soil and bury weed problems?
Cultivation practices
How does the timing of herbicide application in cereal crops typically occur?
Two or more active ingredients are typically applied in a single application
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of Poa Annua (Annual Meadowgrass)?
Can remain viable in the soil for up to 4 years
In crop rotations, which type of crop is typically used for its weed control advantages due to its ability to break weed cycles?
Root crops
Which of the following is NOT a non-chemical method of weed control in crop production?
Glyphosate application
What is the key advantage of using mechanical methods such as topping or strimming in weed control?
It is useful for localised control of problem weeds in growing crops
Which herbicide group is classified as “Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors” and includes products like Tribenuron and Thifensulfuron?
Sulphonyl Ureas
What factor primarily determines the effectiveness of chemical weed control in cereals?
The resistance of the crop to herbicide and the susceptibility of the weeds
What is a major characteristic of perennial broad-leaved weeds like thistles and creeping buttercup?
B) They can regrow from roots or rhizomes over multiple seasons
What is a significant disadvantage of using herbicides with a high persistence in soil, such as Triazines?
They may carry over in soil, affecting subsequent crops
What type of weeds are most likely to cause problems in crop rotations, especially in scenarios like wheat/barley growing in a bean crop?
Volunteer weeds
Which of the following is an example of a broad-leaved weed that can compete with crops and affect grain quality?
Cleavers
What is the typical duration of herbicide carryover in soils with a high pH, as seen with Sulphonyl Ureas?
Longer due to reduced breakdown by hydrolysis
Which herbicide mode of action is associated with “Inhibitors of acetolactase synthase (ALS)”?
Sulphonyl Ureas
Which of the following weed species is most likely to cause harvesting issues due to its dense growth and interference with grain quality?
Cleavers
What role do cover crops play in weed control during crop rotations?
They increase the pH of the soil, making it more difficult for weeds to germinate
What is a key factor in the resistance development of herbicides, particularly for “Imi” herbicides?
Overuse of a single herbicide mode of action
Which herbicide group includes the chemical glyphosate, widely used on stubble and as a pre-harvest dessicant?
Organophosphorus herbicides
When selecting herbicides for weed control in crops, what is one of the primary considerations?
Select products that are safe on the crop and usable at the relevant growth stages (GS)
What is a critical disadvantage of wild oats and sterile brome in cereal crops?
They seed before harvest, contributing to a large seed bank that becomes a long-term weed problem
Why is sterile brome a major concern in minimum-tillage systems?
It is difficult to control due to the lack of tillage
What is the key feature of the herbicide Isoproturon (IPU) that made it widely used in the past?
It was a cheap, residual soil-acting herbicide that controlled grass and broad-leaved weeds
Which herbicide combination is commonly used to control weeds in winter cereal crops and is known for its wide spectrum of activity?
Diflufenican (DFF) + Flufenacet (Firebird)
What is the recommended application window for Firebird herbicide in winter wheat and barley?
Early post-emergence
What herbicide combination is used in Alister, a post-emergence herbicide for GS 13 to 30, and is effective on Annual Meadowgrass (AMG)?
Diflufenican + Mesosulfon-methyl + Iodosulfuron
Why is spraying technique critical when controlling small grass weeds in cereals?
Proper spraying technique ensures effective herbicide coverage
What boom height is recommended for optimum herbicide performance using 110 fan nozzles?
cm above the target
What is the impact of the weather on herbicide efficacy?
Weather conditions must be considered as they affect herbicide performance
What type of formulation does Broadway Star, used for sterile brome control, have?
Granule formulation
What is the weakness of Broadway Star in controlling grass weeds like Annual Meadowgrass (AMG)?
It is weak on AMG and requires mixing with pendimethalin
What is one of the main challenges in controlling sterile brome in cereal crops?
Achieving high levels of control (99%) is difficult
What is the main reason why wild oats are a difficult weed to manage in cereal crops?
$60-80 per hectare
What is the effectiveness of Starane herbicide for controlling cleavers?
It is weak on cleavers, which is a problem in some cereal crops
What is the primary mode of action for the herbicide Alister?
Post-emergence herbicide effective on broad-spectrum weeds
In the PCR Winter Wheat Blackgrass trial of 2017, which treatment showed the lowest number of weeds per square meter?
Crystal + DFF + Atlantis
What herbicide is used to control broad-leaved weeds like cleavers in winter cereals?
Starane
Which of the following is a key consideration when selecting a herbicide for controlling difficult weed problems in cereals?
The toxicity, nature of use, and effectiveness on target weeds
What is the main challenge in controlling wild oats in dense crop canopies?
Difficult to achieve proper wetting and product uptake
What is the primary focus for controlling broad-leaved weeds in spring cereal crops?
Relatively simple control due to ‘soft’ weeds and good growing conditions
Which group of herbicides dominates weed control in broadleaved weeds in spring cereals?
Sulphonyl ureas (SUs)
What is a significant advantage of using sulphonyl urea herbicides in cereal crops?
They have excellent performance even when rates are reduced to 50-75% of the recommended rate
What are the primary target weeds for second-generation sulphonyl urea (SU) herbicides?
Blackgrass, annual meadowgrass, sterile brome, cleavers
What is the main disadvantage of using sulphonyl urea herbicides like Ally, Cameo, or Harmony?
Sprayer contamination
Which of the following is a key risk factor for herbicide resistance?
Continuous winter/spring cereal cropping and dependency on herbicides
Which of these symptoms indicates potential herbicide resistance in weeds?
althy plants beside dead plants of the same species
What are the two main mechanisms of herbicide resistance in weeds?
Enhanced metabolism and target-site resistance
What type of cropping system is most likely to lead to herbicide resistance?
Continuous winter/spring cereal cropping with herbicide dependence
What is a potential consequence of excessive herbicide use in continuous winter wheat production?
Development of herbicide resistance
What is the common problem when using sulphonyl urea herbicides at reduced rates?
Resistance in weeds like chickweed and marigold
What is the typical cost range for herbicide application in spring cereal crops, when using reduced herbicide rates?
Euro 15-30/ha
In spring cereals, which weed group is particularly noted as a challenge for control?
Polygonum weeds
What is the most common symptom of powdery mildew in cereal crops?
Distinctive white fluffy pustules on the leaves
Which disease is most associated with wheat, but not barley?
Take all
What is the main characteristic of yellow rust in cereal crops?
Distinctive pustules in stripes between leaf veins
What is the ideal temperature range for powdery mildew to develop in cereal crops?
15-20°C
Which disease primarily affects the ears of cereal crops, particularly wheat?
Ear Fusarium
In barley, which disease is associated with leaf blotch?
Ramularia (leaf blotch)
Which of the following diseases is most associated with wet weather conditions?
Septoria sp. in wheat
What is a primary cultural method of controlling diseases like take-all and eyespot in cereals?
Crop rotation
What is the main goal of cultural control methods in disease management?
To reduce the incidence and severity of the disease
Which of the following is an effective cultural control measure for Fusarium infection after maize?
Stubble hygiene and ploughing
What is the objective of delayed sowing in disease control?
To reduce the incidence of wet weather diseases like Rhyncosporium
Which of the following methods is a key component of varietal disease control in cereals?
Use of resistant varieties
What is the significance of polygenic resistance in cereal disease management?
It is more durable and less likely to be overcome by pathogen adaptation
What is one of the challenges with using decision support systems (DSS) in disease control?
They bring many challenges in practical application
What is the impact of high nitrogen inputs on disease severity?
Increased disease severity
Which of the following diseases is most likely to be controlled by a two-spray fungicide program in spring barley?
Rhyncosporium
What is the role of fungicides in spring barley disease management?
To increase grain yield and improve grain quality
What is the typical cost range for fungicide application in spring barley?
Euro 40-80/ha
What is the key benefit of a two-spray fungicide programme for barley?
To protect the crop during the grain filling period
What does the T1 spray in a two-spray fungicide program for barley typically cover?
Early-season protection (30-40% of total fungicide) for 20-25 days
What type of weather favours diseases like Rhyncosporium and Net Blotch in barley?
Cool, wet, and humid weather
What is the role of azole fungicides like Proline in barley disease control?
They are important for controlling diseases like Rhyncosporium and Net Blotch
What is the key challenge in controlling Ramularia leaf spot in barley?
Lack of useful genetic resistance
Which of the following is a common symptom of Rhyncosporium leaf blotch in barley?
Pale grey-green water-soaked lesions with dark brown edges
How does rain splash contribute to the spread of Rhyncosporium?
It helps spread conidia from crop debris
What disease is favored by warm, dry weather, but still requires small amounts of moisture for infection?
Rust diseases