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MCQ Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the grain harvest index?

A

B) The ratio of grain yield to the total plant yield

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2
Q

Which cereal crop typically produces the highest grain yield potential?

A

C) Winter wheaT

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3
Q

What are the three main yield components in cereal crops?

A

Ears/m², grains/ear, grain weight

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4
Q

What is the optimal Leaf Area Index (LAI) for cereal crops?

A

4-5

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5
Q

According to the document, which factor contributes to high hectolitre weight in cereals?

A

Low moisture content and high grain density

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6
Q

What does the Hagberg Falling Number test measure?

A

Alpha-amylase activity in wheat

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7
Q

Which cereal has the lowest typical hectolitre weight?

A

Oats

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8
Q

What is the recommended maximum moisture content for safe storage of grain?

A

16%

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9
Q

What are the general quality criteria for grains?

A

Sweet and sound, absence of impurities, well-filled grains, acceptable moisture content

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10
Q

Why is breadmaking wheat challenging to produce in Ireland?

A

Breadmaking varieties yield less and require specific conditions

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11
Q

What percentage of the total yield in cereal crops is typically grain?

A

Over 50%

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12
Q

Which year experienced high costs due to wet conditions and reduced yields in Ireland?

A

2012

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13
Q

What is the grain harvest index?

A

Ratio of grain yield to biological yield

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14
Q

Which cereal growth phase results from photosynthesis and requires light interception?

A

Vegetative growth

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15
Q

What is the yield difference between winter-sown and spring-sown cereals?

A

20-25%

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16
Q

Which cereal crop typically has the smallest ear size?

A

Barley

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17
Q
  1. What are the three yield components in cereal crops?
A

Ears/m², grains/ear, grain weight

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18
Q
  1. What is the target number of ears/m² for winter wheat?
A

500

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19
Q

What management practice is crucial in achieving target ear numbers in cereal crops?

A

Spring nitrogen application

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20
Q

Which cereal crop has the highest grains/ear?

A

Winter Oats

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21
Q

What is the maximum moisture content allowed for safe storage of grain?

A

16%

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22
Q

What is one parameter used to assess grain quality?

A

Hectolitre weight

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23
Q

What is the minimum Hagberg Falling Number (HFN) required for breadmaking wheat?

A

220

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24
Q

Which cereal has the lowest typical hectolitre weight?

A

Oats

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25
Q

What is the typical yield of winter oats based on the document?

A

9.0 t/ha

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26
Q

Which factor most affects hectolitre weight in cereals?

A

Grain density and moisture content

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27
Q

What is the typical protein content required for breadmaking wheat?

A

Over 11%

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28
Q

Which grain characteristic impacts biscuitmaking the most?

A

Low starch damage

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29
Q

What should be the seeding rate for winter wheat in difficult autumn conditions?

A

400 seeds/m²

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30
Q

What is the expected establishment percentage for winter wheat in these conditions?

A

60-65%

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31
Q

What caused extremely high lodging levels in heritage oat lines at UCD in 2021?

A

Genetic Weakness

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32
Q

What is one risk associated with producing bread wheat in Ireland?

A

Protein content below 10.5%

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33
Q

Which year experienced excellent cereal yields but high nitrogen costs in Ireland?

A

2022

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34
Q

What year had a “bad harvest” with high prices?

A

2007

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35
Q

What is the formula for calculating cereal yield in tonnes per hectare (t/ha)?

A

(Ears/m² × Grains/ear × Grain weight) / 105

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36
Q

What is the typical thousand grain weight for winter wheat?

A

50 grams

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37
Q

Which yield component can be directly influenced by sowing date and variety choice?

A

Development

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38
Q

What are two useful yield sub-components for field studies?

A

Plants/m² and ears/plant

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39
Q

What does a higher hectolitre weight indicate?

A

Better grain fill and feeding quality

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40
Q

What is the base hectolitre weight standard for wheat in the European Union

A

76 kg/hl

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41
Q

How is hectolitre weight affected by moisture content?

A

It decreases with higher moisture content

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42
Q

Which cereal crop typically has the highest hectolitre weight?

A

Wheat

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43
Q

Which practice is essential for early crop management to increase ear numbers?

A

Early spring nitrogen application

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44
Q
  1. Which nitrogen application timing primarily increases protein content in wheat?
A

Late season (GS 39, 59, 69+)

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45
Q

How much nitrogen is required to produce a grain yield of 10 t/ha for milling wheat?

A

180-200 kg/ha

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46
Q

What is the primary challenge for bread wheat production in Ireland?

A

Inverse relationship between yield and protein

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47
Q

What does Leaf Area Index (LAI) represent?

A

The ratio of leaf area to ground area

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48
Q

What is the optimum LAI for cereal crops?

A

4-5

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49
Q

Which phase in cereal growth results in spikelet initiation?

A

Apical development

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50
Q

What is the protein content requirement for breadmaking wheat?

A

over 11%

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51
Q

What is a key feature of strong gluten in breadmaking wheat?

A

Gas retention and extensibility

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52
Q

What does a low Hagberg Falling Number (HFN) indicate in wheat?

A

Excessive sprouting and poor bread texture

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53
Q

Which variety has the highest yield in high-yield trials based on the document?

A

Savannah

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54
Q

What is one benefit of spring wheat production in Ireland?

A

Higher protein content

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55
Q

Which cereal crop has the highest grains/ear among the ones listed?

A

Winter oats

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56
Q

What caused mechanical issues in UCD heritage oat trials in 2021?

A

Poor resistance to lodging

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57
Q

Which cereal had the largest hectolitre weight range in 2015?

A

Winter Wheat

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58
Q

What percentage of wheat is typically used as human food globally?

A

65%

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59
Q

What is the optimal soil pH for wheat production?

A

6.0+

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60
Q

What is the depth of soil inversion during conventional ploughing?

A

20–25 cm

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61
Q

What is a key disadvantage of conventional tillage?

A

Soil erosion and structure damage

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62
Q

Which system is most energy-efficient in cereal establishment?

A

Direct drilling

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63
Q

Which tillage method involves cultivating the top 8-15 cm of soil?

A

Reduced tillage

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64
Q

In malting barley production, what is the protein content range for brewing?

A

8.8–10.5%

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65
Q

What is a critical condition for malting barley soil?

A

Free-draining and low soil nitrogen

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66
Q

What is the purpose of glyphosate spraying in ecotillage?

A

Weed germination and elimination

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67
Q

Which element is linked to “grey speck” deficiency in oats?

A

Manganese

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68
Q

Which nitrogen application strategy is used in high-input cereal production

A

2–3 applications per season

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69
Q

What is a key advantage of a fine, firm, and level seedbed?

A

Better emergence and sowing depth uniformity

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70
Q

Which component contributes the most to GHG emissions in crop production

A

Fertilizer-induced emissions

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71
Q

What is the optimum drilling depth for cereals?

A

2–2.5 cm

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72
Q

What are the three main yield components in cereal crops?

A

Ears/m², grains/ear, grain weight

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73
Q

What is the main disadvantage of higher protein levels in malting barley?

A

Low starch extract

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74
Q

In Ireland, which weather disease commonly affects barley in wet conditions?

A

Ramularia

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75
Q

Which crop typically responds best to foliar magnesium applications?

A

Barley

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76
Q

In crop rotation, what is an example of a “break crop”?

A

Oilseed rape

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77
Q

What is the role of beta-glucanase in malting barley varieties?

A

Breaks down cell walls for starch modification

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78
Q

How does nitrogen translocation to grain increase during hot summers?

A

Increased grain protein percentage

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79
Q

Which cereal crop has the lowest thousand grain weight (TGW)?

A

Oats

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80
Q

What is the primary factor affecting seed rate calculations?

A

1000 grain weight

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81
Q

Which tillage system has the lowest costs and highest work rates?

A

Reduced tillage

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82
Q

In conservation agriculture, what is a “stale seedbed”?

A

A prepared seedbed for encouraging weed germination

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83
Q

What is a major drawback of higher seed rates in malting barley?

A

Decline in grains/ear and TGW

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84
Q

Which cereal crop has the highest tolerance for acidic soils?

A

Oats

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85
Q

What is the primary reason for using seed dressings in cereals?

A

Control pests and diseases

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86
Q

What is the key characteristic of a fine tilth in seedbed preparation?

A

Provides good seed-soil contact

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87
Q

What is the primary disadvantage of minimum tillage systems?

A

Grass weed issues and establishment challenges

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88
Q

Which fungicide type was used in UCD trials on spring barley for enhanced grain yield?

A

Prothioconazole + Pyraclostrobin

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89
Q

What is the recommended seed rate for winter wheat in late sowing conditions

A

400 seeds/m²

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90
Q

What is the critical grain protein range for distilling barley?

A

7.5–8.8%

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91
Q

What happens when seedbeds are too fine?

A

Surface capping and reduced emergence

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92
Q

Which nutrient is crucial for reducing fungal disease in cereals when applied foliarly?

A

Sulphur

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93
Q

What is a key factor for successful direct drilling in Ireland?

A

Removing straw in high rainfall areas

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94
Q

What is the primary focus in malting barley breeding programs?

A

Improving beta-glucanase activity

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95
Q

What is the average moisture content required during steeping in malting barley production?

A

46%

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96
Q

Why is nitrogen use efficiency critical in cereal production?

A

To reduce leaching into water systems

To improve grain quality

To lower GHG emissions from agriculture

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97
Q

What is the ideal thousand grain weight (TGW) for winter barley?

A

50 grams

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98
Q

What is the relationship between nitrogen application and grain protein content in cereals?

A

Direct relationship

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99
Q

Which method involves chopping straw and creating a stale seedbed?

A

Ecotillage

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100
Q

In cereal production, what is the significance of Leaf Area Index (LAI)?

A

It represents the ratio of leaf area to ground area

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101
Q

What is the advantage of ploughing in cereal crop establishment?

A

Control of disease and pests

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102
Q

Which disease is associated with barley in hot, dry weather conditions?

A

Mildew

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103
Q

What is the minimum acceptable hectolitre weight for malting barley?

A

72 kg/hl

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104
Q

What is the key consideration when selecting cereal crop varieties?

A

Dynamic suitability for production environment

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105
Q

What is the purpose of applying trace elements like magnesium to barley?

A

Address deficiencies in dry spring weather

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106
Q

What is a critical step in the malting process that stops starch conversion?

A

Drying

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107
Q

What percentage of applied nitrogen is typically immobilized in soil organic matter?

A

31%

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108
Q

Which trial indicated that straw incorporation reduces grain yield?

A

UCD Min-Till Spring Barley Trial

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109
Q

What is the nitrogen uptake efficiency for cereal crops?

A

59%

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110
Q

Which factor has the most significant impact on soil nitrogen mineralization?

A

Soil organic matter content

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111
Q

Which weather condition is associated with higher grain protein in cereals?

A

Hot, dry summers

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112
Q

In cereal production, what does a “stale seedbed” encourage?

A

Weed germination

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113
Q

Which tillage system showed the greatest fuel savings in Teagasc trials?

A

Reduced tillage

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114
Q

What is the effect of excessive screenings in malting barley?

A

Rejection of the crop

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115
Q

What is a disadvantage of ecotillage systems in wet weather?

A

High compaction risk

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116
Q

What is the typical grain yield range for spring barley in minimum tillage systems?

A

7.5–8.0 t/ha

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117
Q

Which soil nutrient is highly mobile and prone to leaching?

A

Nitrogen

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118
Q

What is the ideal nitrogen application rate for high-input winter wheat production?

A

200–230 kg/ha

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119
Q

What is the relationship between grain yield and nitrogen application rate?

A

Linear but plateaus at high rates

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120
Q

What does the “harvest index” measure in cereal crops?

A

The ratio of grain yield to total biomass

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121
Q

Why is late nitrogen application critical in breadmaking wheat?

A

Boosts protein content

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122
Q

What is the average nitrogen content in grain (percentage of total crop nitrogen)?

A

70%

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123
Q

What is the purpose of rotational ploughing in high rainfall areas?

A

Reduce compaction

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124
Q

What is the main characteristic of soils with poor yield potential?

A

Yield is limited regardless of management

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125
Q

Why are spring barley crops less suited to conventional plough-based systems in wet seasons?

A

Challenges with crop establishment

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126
Q

What is the typical row spacing for cereal seed drilling?

A

10–15 cm

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127
Q

What is the role of diastatic power in malting barley?

A

Improves starch modification and sugar release

128
Q

In cereal production, what is the effect of poor tillering?

A

Reduced ear density

129
Q

What is the primary reason for spraying fungicides in cereal crops?

A

Disease prevention and yield protection

130
Q

Which region in Ireland is a key area for malting barley production?

A

South Kildare

131
Q

What is a critical feature of high-input cereal production systems?

A

Use of multiple growth regulators

132
Q

What is the purpose of foliar-applied sulphur in cereals?

A

Enhance fungal disease control

133
Q

Which tillage method has the greatest impact on soil organic matter retention?

A

Direct drilling

134
Q

What is the most common issue caused by compacted seedbeds in cereals?

A

Reduced root development

135
Q

Why is soil erosion a major concern in conventional tillage systems?

A

Loss of organic matter and topsoil fertility

136
Q

Which cereal crop has the greatest lodging risk in poorly drained soils?

A

Oats

137
Q

What is the impact of a fine seedbed on herbicide effectiveness?

A

Improves residual weed control

138
Q

Why are break crops essential in cereal rotations?

A

Break pest and disease cycles

139
Q

In spring barley trials, what was the yield reduction when 8 t/ha of straw was incorporated?

A

25%

140
Q

What is the average protein range for spring barley used for brewing?

A

8.8–10.5%

141
Q

Which pest is a significant problem in minimum tillage systems?

A

Slugs

142
Q

What is the role of soil consolidation in seedbed preparation?

A

mproves seed-to-soil contact

143
Q

What is the main disadvantage of excessive nitrogen application in cereal crops

A

Higher GHG emissions and lodging risk

144
Q

What is the primary focus of integrated crop management (ICM)?

A

Balance productivity with environmental sustainability

145
Q

In malting barley production, what happens when protein levels exceed 10.8%?

A

Crop rejection by maltsters

146
Q

What is the effect of poorly timed nitrogen application in cereals?

A

Increased nitrogen leaching

147
Q

Why is a stale seedbed beneficial in weed control?

A

Encourages weed germination for glyphosate application

148
Q

What is the primary component measured in the Hagberg Falling Number (HFN) test?

A

Alpha-amylase activity

149
Q

Why are light, free-draining soils preferred for malting barley production?

A

Avoid waterlogging and nitrogen leaching

150
Q

What is the nitrogen content threshold for crop rejection in brewing barley?

A

10.8%

151
Q

What is the purpose of a nitrogen response curve in cereal trials?

A

Identify the yield plateau

152
Q

What is the role of potassium (K) in cereal crops?

A

Promotes disease resistance and drought tolerance

153
Q

Which cereal establishment technique is most affected by high straw residue?

A

Direct drilling

154
Q

What happens if seeds are drilled too deeply in a compacted seedbed?

A

Delayed and uneven emergence

155
Q

What is the recommended nitrogen split application for high-input cereal systems?

A

Two to three applications per season

156
Q

What is the primary focus of conservation tillage systems?

A

Retain soil organic matter and reduce erosion

157
Q

What factor most influences the protein levels in malting barley?

A

Nitrogen application timing and rate

158
Q

Which growth stage is critical for nitrogen application to boost protein in cereals?

A

Grain filling stage

159
Q

What is one of the main reasons for weed control in cereals?

A

To allow ease of harvesting

160
Q

What is a common characteristic of Annual Meadowgrass (Poa annua)?

A

Germinates from February to November

161
Q

What is the key benefit of crop rotation in weed control?

A

Flexibility in sowing dates and cultivation methods

162
Q

Which of the following herbicides is a residual soil-acting herbicide commonly used in autumn?

A

Diflufenican (DFF)

163
Q

What type of herbicide is commonly applied pre-harvest as a desiccant in crops like oilseeds and potatoes?

A

Glyphosate

164
Q

Which of the following diseases is common across all cereal crops?

A

Mildew

165
Q

What is one of the resistance mechanisms of herbicides?

A

Target-site resistance

166
Q

What is the most common weather condition favoring the development of Septoria tritici in wheat?

A

Wet and mild conditions

167
Q

What is the key cultural method for reducing take-all infection in cereals?

A

Implementing crop rotation

168
Q

Which weed is resistant to Diflufenican (DFF) herbicide?

A

Fumitory

169
Q

Which active ingredient is commonly used for controlling cleavers in cereal crops?

A

Fluroxypyr

170
Q

What is the primary target of Sulfonyl-Urea (SU) herbicides?

A

Inhibiting acetolactase synthase (ALS)

171
Q

What is the recommended boom height for proper herbicide application with 110 fan nozzles?

A

50 cm above the target

172
Q

What type of weather is ideal for the spread of rust diseases in cereals?

A

Warm with moderate humidity

173
Q

What is the effect of high nitrogen inputs on cereal crops?

A

Increased disease severity

174
Q

Which disease is characterized by distinctive pustules forming stripes between leaf veins?

A

Yellow Rust

175
Q

What is the role of contact fungicides such as Folpet in resistance management?

A

To prevent resistance through multi-site activity

176
Q

What is the optimum time for applying Broadway Star for sterile brome control?

A

Early autumn or spring

177
Q

Which fungicide is effective against Ramularia leaf spot in barley?

A

Chlorothalonil (pre-2020)

178
Q

Which of the following is a fungal disease that affects barley and thrives in cool, wet conditions?

A

Rhynchosporium

179
Q

What is one disadvantage of Sulfonyl-Urea (SU) herbicides?

A

Sensitivity of brassica crops to small residues

180
Q

What is the primary method of non-chemical weed control?

A

Cultural methods such as crop rotation

181
Q

What is the typical persistence of Annual Meadowgrass seeds in the soil?

A

Up to 4 years

182
Q

What is a common symptom of herbicide resistance in weeds?

A

Dead plants alongside healthy plants of the same species

183
Q

Which crop is particularly susceptible to Take-All disease?

A

Wheat

184
Q

What is a major issue caused by wild oats in cereal crops?

A

Reduced yield and high cost of control

185
Q

What is the recommended strategy to manage herbicide resistance?

A

Rotate herbicides with different modes of action

186
Q

What fungal disease of cereals is characterized by grey lesions with dark brown edges?

A

Rhynchosporium

187
Q

Which disease is considered a significant risk factor in continuously cropped cereals?

A

Eyespot

188
Q

What is one of the primary goals of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for cereal disease control?

A

Delay disease epidemic progression

189
Q

Why are SDHI fungicides often mixed with other chemistries?

A

To reduce the risk of resistance development

190
Q

What are the most common weeds in winter cereal crops?

A

Chickweed and Cleavers

191
Q

What is a significant challenge of managing sterile brome in cereal crops?

A

High level of control needed (99%)

192
Q

What is the primary benefit of delayed sowing in cereal crops?

A

Reduced disease severity

193
Q

What is one of the most important factors affecting the susceptibility of weeds to herbicides?

A

Weather conditions at the time of spraying

194
Q

What is the resistance risk of using SDHI fungicides?

A

Medium

195
Q

What is the best method for controlling take-all in wheat?

A

Rotating with non-cereal crops

196
Q

Which of the following weeds is an annual broad-leaved weed?

A

Chickweed

197
Q

Which active ingredient is part of the Firebird herbicide used in winter cereals?

A

Flufenace

198
Q

What is a defining characteristic of yellow rust?

A

Distinctive pustules in stripes between leaf veins

199
Q

Which disease control method involves using resistant varieties?

A

Varietal control

200
Q

What weather conditions favor the spread of powdery mildew?

A

Mild temperatures with high humidity

201
Q

What is the key consideration when choosing a herbicide for a cereal crop?

A

Its ability to control the most problematic weeds

202
Q

What is a significant issue caused by over-reliance on the same herbicides?

A

Increased herbicide resistance in weeds

203
Q

. What is a common issue with wild oats in cereal crops?

A

They require good spray placement for control

204
Q

Which herbicide group is most effective for targeting broad-leaved weeds?

A

Sulfonyl-Ureas

205
Q

Why is integrated disease management important in cereal production?

A

It helps delay the progression of disease epidemics

206
Q

What is a common weather-related factor increasing the risk of Septoria tritici in wheat?

A

Wet and mild conditions in winter

207
Q

What is one of the main effects of grass weeds in cereal crops?

A

Competition leading to reduced crop yield

208
Q

Which non-chemical method can provide up to 90% weed control for certain grass weed species?

A

Ploughing to invert soil

209
Q

What is a notable advantage of herbicides with multiple active ingredients in cereals?

A

Greater efficacy against resistant weed species

210
Q

What is the primary factor influencing the carryover of Sulfonyl-Urea (SU) herbicides in the soil?

A

Soil PH

211
Q

What weed is considered a major problem in minimum tillage systems?

A

Sterile Brome

212
Q

What is the ideal window for applying Alister herbicide in winter cereals?

A

GS 13 to GS 30

213
Q

What is the recommended strategy to optimize herbicide application?

A

Maintain boom height at 50 cm above the target

214
Q

What weed is characterized as an annual grass weed?

A

Annual Meadowgrass

215
Q

What is the primary drawback of hormonal herbicides?

A

Risk of damage to nearby sensitive crops

216
Q

What is a key recommendation to prevent fungicide resistance in cereal crops?

A

Limit the number of applications per season

217
Q

Which fungal disease of barley is characterized by pale grey-green water-soaked lesions?

A

Rhynchosporium

218
Q

What is the primary cultural objective for controlling diseases in cereals?

A

To reduce inoculum and initial infection levels

219
Q

Which fungicide group provides both curative and protective activity in cereals?Which fungicide group provides both curative and protective activity in cereals?

A

Triazoles

220
Q

What is a defining feature of Septoria tritici’s life cycle?

A

It involves both sexual and asexual reproduction.

221
Q

What is a major factor driving the spread of Rhynchosporium in barley?

A

Rain splash dispersal of spores

222
Q

What is the purpose of the herbicide Firebird in winter cereals?

A

Residual control of grass and broad-leaved weeds

223
Q

. Which crop disease is characterized by a white fluffy pustule in its early stages?. Which crop disease is characterized by a white fluffy pustule in its early stages?

A

Powdery Mildew

224
Q

What is one of the most common challenges with chemical weed control in cereals?

A

The risk of developing herbicide resistance

225
Q

What factor significantly increases the severity of Take-All in cereals?

A

Continuous cereal cropping

226
Q

Which type of herbicide is described as having “no curative activity” and must be applied preventatively?

A

Multi-site inhibitors

227
Q

Why is herbicide application on cloddy ground less effective?

A

Poor coverage leads to uneven weed control

228
Q

Which weed germinates from February to November and produces an average of 2,050 seeds per plant?

A

Annual Meadowgrass

229
Q

What is the primary goal of using delayed sowing as a cultural disease control method?

A

To delay the onset of foliar diseases

230
Q

What are the typical symptoms of herbicide-resistant weeds?

A

) Healthy weeds in patches among dead weeds

231
Q

What is one drawback of minimum tillage in cereal crop systems?

A

Increased prevalence of sterile brome

232
Q

. Why are resistant varieties of cereals desirable in Integrated Crop Management (ICM)?

A

They reduce the impact of foliar diseases

233
Q

What is a characteristic of the fungal disease Septoria tritici in wheat?

A

It reproduces sexually and asexually.

234
Q

What is the primary issue caused by a heavy seed bank of weeds like wild oats?

A

Long-term weed problems across seasons

235
Q

Which disease management strategy is most effective for controlling eyespot in cereals?

A

Rotating crops with non-host species

236
Q

What is the preferred application timing for Axial Pro in controlling wild oats?

A

Early emergence

237
Q

What is the most important factor in ensuring successful herbicide application?

A

Proper sprayer calibration and boom height

238
Q

What is the primary reason for controlling weeds in crop production?

A

To reduce the competition effect and improve crop yield

239
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common competitive weed that affects crop yield?

A

Ragwort

240
Q

Which method of weed control involves using ploughing to invert the soil and bury weed problems?

A

Cultivation practices

241
Q

How does the timing of herbicide application in cereal crops typically occur?

A

Two or more active ingredients are typically applied in a single application

242
Q

Which of the following best describes a characteristic of Poa Annua (Annual Meadowgrass)?

A

Can remain viable in the soil for up to 4 years

243
Q

In crop rotations, which type of crop is typically used for its weed control advantages due to its ability to break weed cycles?

A

Root crops

244
Q

Which of the following is NOT a non-chemical method of weed control in crop production?

A

Glyphosate application

245
Q

What is the key advantage of using mechanical methods such as topping or strimming in weed control?

A

It is useful for localised control of problem weeds in growing crops

246
Q

Which herbicide group is classified as “Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors” and includes products like Tribenuron and Thifensulfuron?

A

Sulphonyl Ureas

247
Q

What factor primarily determines the effectiveness of chemical weed control in cereals?

A

The resistance of the crop to herbicide and the susceptibility of the weeds

248
Q

What is a major characteristic of perennial broad-leaved weeds like thistles and creeping buttercup?

A

B) They can regrow from roots or rhizomes over multiple seasons

249
Q

What is a significant disadvantage of using herbicides with a high persistence in soil, such as Triazines?

A

They may carry over in soil, affecting subsequent crops

250
Q

What type of weeds are most likely to cause problems in crop rotations, especially in scenarios like wheat/barley growing in a bean crop?

A

Volunteer weeds

251
Q

Which of the following is an example of a broad-leaved weed that can compete with crops and affect grain quality?

A

Cleavers

252
Q

What is the typical duration of herbicide carryover in soils with a high pH, as seen with Sulphonyl Ureas?

A

Longer due to reduced breakdown by hydrolysis

253
Q

Which herbicide mode of action is associated with “Inhibitors of acetolactase synthase (ALS)”?

A

Sulphonyl Ureas

254
Q

Which of the following weed species is most likely to cause harvesting issues due to its dense growth and interference with grain quality?

A

Cleavers

255
Q

What role do cover crops play in weed control during crop rotations?

A

They increase the pH of the soil, making it more difficult for weeds to germinate

256
Q

What is a key factor in the resistance development of herbicides, particularly for “Imi” herbicides?

A

Overuse of a single herbicide mode of action

257
Q

Which herbicide group includes the chemical glyphosate, widely used on stubble and as a pre-harvest dessicant?

A

Organophosphorus herbicides

258
Q

When selecting herbicides for weed control in crops, what is one of the primary considerations?

A

Select products that are safe on the crop and usable at the relevant growth stages (GS)

259
Q

What is a critical disadvantage of wild oats and sterile brome in cereal crops?

A

They seed before harvest, contributing to a large seed bank that becomes a long-term weed problem

260
Q

Why is sterile brome a major concern in minimum-tillage systems?

A

It is difficult to control due to the lack of tillage

261
Q

What is the key feature of the herbicide Isoproturon (IPU) that made it widely used in the past?

A

It was a cheap, residual soil-acting herbicide that controlled grass and broad-leaved weeds

262
Q

Which herbicide combination is commonly used to control weeds in winter cereal crops and is known for its wide spectrum of activity?

A

Diflufenican (DFF) + Flufenacet (Firebird)

263
Q

What is the recommended application window for Firebird herbicide in winter wheat and barley?

A

Early post-emergence

264
Q

What herbicide combination is used in Alister, a post-emergence herbicide for GS 13 to 30, and is effective on Annual Meadowgrass (AMG)?

A

Diflufenican + Mesosulfon-methyl + Iodosulfuron

265
Q

Why is spraying technique critical when controlling small grass weeds in cereals?

A

Proper spraying technique ensures effective herbicide coverage

266
Q

What boom height is recommended for optimum herbicide performance using 110 fan nozzles?

A

cm above the target

267
Q

What is the impact of the weather on herbicide efficacy?

A

Weather conditions must be considered as they affect herbicide performance

268
Q

What type of formulation does Broadway Star, used for sterile brome control, have?

A

Granule formulation

269
Q

What is the weakness of Broadway Star in controlling grass weeds like Annual Meadowgrass (AMG)?

A

It is weak on AMG and requires mixing with pendimethalin

270
Q

What is one of the main challenges in controlling sterile brome in cereal crops?

A

Achieving high levels of control (99%) is difficult

271
Q

What is the main reason why wild oats are a difficult weed to manage in cereal crops?

A

$60-80 per hectare

272
Q

What is the effectiveness of Starane herbicide for controlling cleavers?

A

It is weak on cleavers, which is a problem in some cereal crops

273
Q

What is the primary mode of action for the herbicide Alister?

A

Post-emergence herbicide effective on broad-spectrum weeds

274
Q

In the PCR Winter Wheat Blackgrass trial of 2017, which treatment showed the lowest number of weeds per square meter?

A

Crystal + DFF + Atlantis

275
Q

What herbicide is used to control broad-leaved weeds like cleavers in winter cereals?

A

Starane

276
Q

Which of the following is a key consideration when selecting a herbicide for controlling difficult weed problems in cereals?

A

The toxicity, nature of use, and effectiveness on target weeds

277
Q

What is the main challenge in controlling wild oats in dense crop canopies?

A

Difficult to achieve proper wetting and product uptake

278
Q

What is the primary focus for controlling broad-leaved weeds in spring cereal crops?

A

Relatively simple control due to ‘soft’ weeds and good growing conditions

279
Q

Which group of herbicides dominates weed control in broadleaved weeds in spring cereals?

A

Sulphonyl ureas (SUs)

280
Q

What is a significant advantage of using sulphonyl urea herbicides in cereal crops?

A

They have excellent performance even when rates are reduced to 50-75% of the recommended rate

281
Q

What are the primary target weeds for second-generation sulphonyl urea (SU) herbicides?

A

Blackgrass, annual meadowgrass, sterile brome, cleavers

282
Q

What is the main disadvantage of using sulphonyl urea herbicides like Ally, Cameo, or Harmony?

A

Sprayer contamination

283
Q

Which of the following is a key risk factor for herbicide resistance?

A

Continuous winter/spring cereal cropping and dependency on herbicides

284
Q

Which of these symptoms indicates potential herbicide resistance in weeds?

A

althy plants beside dead plants of the same species

285
Q

What are the two main mechanisms of herbicide resistance in weeds?

A

Enhanced metabolism and target-site resistance

286
Q

What type of cropping system is most likely to lead to herbicide resistance?

A

Continuous winter/spring cereal cropping with herbicide dependence

287
Q

What is a potential consequence of excessive herbicide use in continuous winter wheat production?

A

Development of herbicide resistance

288
Q

What is the common problem when using sulphonyl urea herbicides at reduced rates?

A

Resistance in weeds like chickweed and marigold

289
Q

What is the typical cost range for herbicide application in spring cereal crops, when using reduced herbicide rates?

A

Euro 15-30/ha

290
Q

In spring cereals, which weed group is particularly noted as a challenge for control?

A

Polygonum weeds

291
Q

What is the most common symptom of powdery mildew in cereal crops?

A

Distinctive white fluffy pustules on the leaves

292
Q

Which disease is most associated with wheat, but not barley?

A

Take all

293
Q

What is the main characteristic of yellow rust in cereal crops?

A

Distinctive pustules in stripes between leaf veins

294
Q

What is the ideal temperature range for powdery mildew to develop in cereal crops?

A

15-20°C

295
Q

Which disease primarily affects the ears of cereal crops, particularly wheat?

A

Ear Fusarium

296
Q

In barley, which disease is associated with leaf blotch?

A

Ramularia (leaf blotch)

297
Q

Which of the following diseases is most associated with wet weather conditions?

A

Septoria sp. in wheat

298
Q

What is a primary cultural method of controlling diseases like take-all and eyespot in cereals?

A

Crop rotation

299
Q

What is the main goal of cultural control methods in disease management?

A

To reduce the incidence and severity of the disease

300
Q

Which of the following is an effective cultural control measure for Fusarium infection after maize?

A

Stubble hygiene and ploughing

301
Q

What is the objective of delayed sowing in disease control?

A

To reduce the incidence of wet weather diseases like Rhyncosporium

302
Q

Which of the following methods is a key component of varietal disease control in cereals?

A

Use of resistant varieties

303
Q

What is the significance of polygenic resistance in cereal disease management?

A

It is more durable and less likely to be overcome by pathogen adaptation

304
Q

What is one of the challenges with using decision support systems (DSS) in disease control?

A

They bring many challenges in practical application

305
Q

What is the impact of high nitrogen inputs on disease severity?

A

Increased disease severity

306
Q

Which of the following diseases is most likely to be controlled by a two-spray fungicide program in spring barley?

A

Rhyncosporium

307
Q

What is the role of fungicides in spring barley disease management?

A

To increase grain yield and improve grain quality

308
Q

What is the typical cost range for fungicide application in spring barley?

A

Euro 40-80/ha

309
Q

What is the key benefit of a two-spray fungicide programme for barley?

A

To protect the crop during the grain filling period

310
Q

What does the T1 spray in a two-spray fungicide program for barley typically cover?

A

Early-season protection (30-40% of total fungicide) for 20-25 days

311
Q

What type of weather favours diseases like Rhyncosporium and Net Blotch in barley?

A

Cool, wet, and humid weather

312
Q

What is the role of azole fungicides like Proline in barley disease control?

A

They are important for controlling diseases like Rhyncosporium and Net Blotch

313
Q

What is the key challenge in controlling Ramularia leaf spot in barley?

A

Lack of useful genetic resistance

314
Q

Which of the following is a common symptom of Rhyncosporium leaf blotch in barley?

A

Pale grey-green water-soaked lesions with dark brown edges

315
Q

How does rain splash contribute to the spread of Rhyncosporium?

A

It helps spread conidia from crop debris

316
Q

What disease is favored by warm, dry weather, but still requires small amounts of moisture for infection?

A

Rust diseases

Environmental Science (13 decks)

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