Lecture Week 7 2024 Cereal Variety Selection 1 Flashcards
What is a suitable
variety ?
- variety with a suitable combination of
characteristics or genes which confers
on it the capacity to fully exploit the
favourable aspects of the production
environment - suitability is ‘dynamic’ over time
How do you create Varieties?
1-First Stage – Initial Parental Cross
2-First Generation – F1 (hybrid)
3- Then successive generations grown for selection F2 to F6
Breeder
How do you create Varieties?
1- F7-F9 – plot trials
2- F10 / F11 Recommended list trials
1- Breeder / Seed House
2- Seed House
What is a new variety protected by?
A new variety is legally protected by Plant Breeders Rights (IP) and
this is primarily earner through certified seed which brings a royalty
income
Plant breeding:
Year 2 (F1)
Year 3 (F2)
Year 4 (F3)
Year 5 (F4)
Year 6 (F5)
Year 7 (F6)
Year 8 (F7)
Year 9-11 (F8-F10)
Number of plants for each year?
Action?
Year 2 (F1)- 50-100
Bulk and space plant F1
Year 3 (F2)- 2,000-3,000
Bulk and plant at commercial seeding rate
Year 4 (F3)- 2,000-3,000
Bulk and plant at commercial seeding rate
Year 5 (F4)- 2,000- 3,000
Bulk and plant at commercial seeding rate
Year 6 (F5)- 3,000- 5,000
Space plant; select superior plants
Year 7 (F6)- 300-500
Select and establish family rows from plants or heads
Year 8 (F7)- 30-50
Conduct preliminary yield trials
Year 9-11 (F8-F10)- 10
Conduct advanced yield trials
And then… cultivar release
(slide 6 for reference)
New variety development- Barley
1- What’s the estimated ,market
requirement?
2- List the 6 steps in order to develop a new variety onto the market:
1- Estimate market requirement 20 years
2- Choose parental combinations and cross
- Single plant and small plot selection
-private yield and agronomic trials
-Official yield, agronomic and quality trials
-National listing and recommendation
When does seed purification occur New Variety Development (Barley)?
Year 1 - one plant
Year 6 - 100 tonnes
min - 6 years
How long does seed multiplication take?
Seed Multiplication
(max. 2 years)
When Choosing a Variety what do you need to take into account?
1* Variety suitability for local needs
– Irish conditions : cool moist climate
– can be unique market requirements : malting barley / food grade oats
2* Use Recommended List
– Very reliable independent testing for 2-3 years
3* Seek Consultant / Teagasc advice
– Second opinion / expert experience
4* Grow more than one variety
– ‘ don’t have all your eggs in one basket’
5* Change varieties for fields
– varieties have unique genetics : strengths / weaknesses etc
For wheat what was the winter wheat recommended list in 2023 (7)
Relative Yield of them?
Costello- 95
Graham- 104
JB Diego- 97
Spearhead- 104
SY Insitor- 103
Torp- 103
For wheat what was the winter wheat recommended list in 2024 (7)
Relative Yield of them?
Belfry- 105
KWS Cassia- 98
KWS Infinity- 97
KWS Joy AU*- 105
KWS Tardis- 104
LG Casting- 98
SY Armadillo- 109
For wheat what was the winter wheat ptovisionally recommended list in 2024 (2)
Relative Yield of them?
Bordeaux- 98
Molly**- 102
For spring what was the spring barley recommended list in 2023 (6)
Relative Yield of them?
Gangway- 98
Geraldine- 104
RGT Planet- 102
Skyway- 105
SY Amity- 104
SY Errigal- 102
For spring what was the spring barley recommended list in 2023 (2)
Relative Yield of them?
Gretchen- 103
Rockway- 104
Why grown new improved varieties ?
- To increase cereal production under specific
environmental conditions - To use (exploit) genetic improvement
- Yield is the more important trait
- Many other key traits / agronomic ratings also
What scale is there for new improved varieties?
The 1-10 scale,
‘high’ rating = 7-8,
moderate rating = 5-6,
low rating = (2)3-4
Studies on Cereal Yield Increase
over time:
- In Wheat per annum (1970-1990) it was 2% ‘golden era’
– 1% technical
– 1% genetic
- In wheat in the decades through the 20th century (from cv. Little
Joss to cv. Norman it was 0.5% per annum genetic improvement
What are the main reasons of
the crop improvement?
- Agronomy.
- Breeding.
- Technology.
what is the Crop improvement in wheat underpinned by?
Underpinned by the
Recommended List variety testing
program
1- What is the Yield Increase due to?
2- What was it based on?
3- What is the biological efficiency of this?
1- due to change in harvest
index
– 35% to 50%+
– i.e. from a grain: straw ratio of 35:65 to
now approaching 55:45
2-* based on change in straw length
– semi-dwarfing genes / semi-dwarf varieties
3-* biologicial efficency is the same
Harvest index what does it do? ?
Gives an indication of the relative size of
the grain yield (economic) to the rest of
the plant (biological)
What does yield =?
YIELD= BIOMASS x Harvest Index
Two main breakthroughs on technology? (2)
- PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction).
- DNA markers—Genotyping sequencing.
Yield Trends in Barley (winter and spring) why have they increased in yield?
Increase due to
Variety
5-year average yield
(slide 20)
Winter Wheat Varieties for Ireland in 2020/21 most popular at what % of sales?
Graham 46%
Spring Barley Varieties for Ireland in 2021 most popular at what %?
RGT Planet 35%
Prime Crop Research Trial:
Graham (Syngenta)
Yield of Untreated
Yield of Treated
Yield of Untreated- 9.95
Yield of Treated- 13.52
Prime Crop Research Trial:
Graham (Syngenta)
1- Mid season disease (2)
2- Fungicide Response
3- Crop Height ; Treated and untreated
1- Mid season disease (2)
Yellow rust 5%
Septoria 9%
2- Fungicide Response
3.57 t/ha
3- Crop Height ; Treated and untreated
86.9cm
80.2cm
Prime Crop Research Trial:
KWS Firefly
Untreated yield
Treated yield
Untreated yield- 7.82
Treated yield- 13.05
Prime Crop Research Trial:
KWS Firefly
1- Mid season Disease
2- Fungicide Response
3- Crop Height, untreated , treated
1- Mid season Disease
Yellow rust - 8%
Septoria-18%
2- Fungicide Response
5.23 t/ha
3- Crop Height
Untreated- 76.8cm
Treated- 72.5cm
Slide 35 Glanbia - Spring Oats Variety Screening
UCD Lyons Research Farm 2013
Trial 1. Fungicide Programme Studies
across Four Winter Wheat Cultivars
1- What was the 4 varities?
2- How many fungicide programmes used and at what GS?
3- What was the standard programme based on?
1- Savannah (4) , Richmond (4) , Einstein (6), Robigus (7)
2- – GS 32 , GS 39 , GS 60
3- Triazole-based
– T1 : Proline 0.5 l/ha
– T2 : Opus+Bravo 0.5+1.0 l/ha1 / A1477+Bravo
– T3 : Proline 0.5 l/ha
