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Exam 1 > MCP > Flashcards

MCP Flashcards

1
Q

The Medullo-lymphatic Hematopoietic phase last until about ___ years

A

30

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2
Q

Propeptides

A

help faster assembly of proteins; then CLEAVED

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3
Q

Uncompetitive inhibitor effect on Apparent Km

A

Km/a’; similarly the apparent KM goes down because since the Velocity drops, you’ll have less product at half the velocity

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4
Q

Alpha Enzyme Coefficient Equation

A

a=1+[Inhibitor]/Km(of inhibitor)

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5
Q

Sugars are designated either ___ or ___ based upon the configuration of the chrial carbon furthest from the carbonyl

A

D, L

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6
Q

What specificity and color are Neutrophil’s granules that contain: Lactoferrin, NADPH oxidase, Lysozyme, B12, Binding protein, and Alkaline phophatase?

A

Specific, Salmon Pink

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7
Q

Cholesterol has a polar head. (True or False)

A

True, it has a hydroxyl group on the 3’ spot of its heaxane ring

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8
Q

___ is the sphingolipid with phosphocholine

A

Spingomyelin

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9
Q

The Primordial Hematopoietic phase lasts until ___ months

A

3

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10
Q

Transition State Analogues

A

Substance that are similar to the Transition state of a given reaction, but don’t actually produce any products so they make excellent INHIBITORS

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11
Q

Triple Collagen Helix is called___

A

Tropocollagen

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12
Q

Holoenzyme

A

An Enzyme with all of its subunits, cofactors etc.

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13
Q

The Primordial erythroblasts form in the ___

A

Yolk Sac

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14
Q

The Hematopoietic comparment consists of two structures

A
  1. Stroma

2. Hematopoietic cells

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15
Q

Sphingolipids with glucose are known as either ___ or ___

A

Glycolipids or Glucosylcebrosides

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16
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic molecule that helps enzyme, easily taken away from the enzyme

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17
Q

What key characteristic happens at the pka?

A

The concentration of the proton donor equal the concentration of the proton acceptor.

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18
Q

Spectrin and Actin are two main protein in the membrane of ___

A

Erythrocytes, The membrane lattice is attached by Ankyrin to the membrane

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19
Q

__ is the sphingolipid with just a hydrogen as the R group

A

Ceramide

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20
Q

Reticulocytes can be visually idenified by

A

brillian cresyl blue, because there’s residual rRNA

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21
Q

Glycogen consists of ___ and ___ bonds

A

a1-4, a1-6

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22
Q

Cofactor

A

Inorganic Molecule that helps enzymes (e.g. metal ions)

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23
Q

Delta G

A

Change in free energy between products and reactants, negative means spontaneous

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24
Q

Gangliosides have ___ as their side groups

A

Complex oligosaccharides such NANA

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25
Q

Why are neutrophils also known as Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes?

A

Because the nucleus may consist of 2-5 lobes.

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26
Q

Myoglobin has a much ___ affinity for oxygen compared to Hemoglobin

A

Higher

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27
Q

In Granulopoiesis the ____ phase of cells is the last mitotic one

A

Myelocyte, Also last phase where the nucleus is still ROUND.

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28
Q

Michaelis-Menten

A

Vo=(Vmax*[S])/(Km + [S])

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29
Q

Uncompetitive inhibitor effect on Vmax

A

Vmax/a’, The Vmax is going down, because velocity is defined as the amount of product being generated per unit time; therefore Since the inhibitor binds to the ES complex, less product is made

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30
Q

E

A

Glu Glutamic Acid

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31
Q

The last Erythropoietic Cells to undergo Mitosis are the ____ Erythroblasts

A

Polychromatophilic

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32
Q

The T-state in hemoglobin has a ___ affinity for oxygen

A

low

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33
Q

W

A

Trp Tryptophan

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34
Q

Which WBC contains Histamine, proteases, and heparin in specific granules?

A

Basophils.

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35
Q

Fibrin vs fibrinogen

A

Platelets quickly stick with fibronegen, but it’s weak. Fibrin is insoluble and strong (Thrombin initiates this conversion)

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36
Q

Prepeptides

A

A Signal Sequence that helps molecules travel to the right places, but is then cleaved out

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37
Q

Red bone marrow has 3 structural components

A
  1. Bone
  2. Vasculature
  3. Hematopoietic Slot
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38
Q

What happens to the pH if the A:HA ratio is greater than 1?

A

The pH wil be higher than the pKa of the solution.

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39
Q

Competitive Inhibitor effect on Vmax

A

Nothing

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40
Q

Pneumonic to remember Granulocytic development?

A

My Blast sets up PROfessional and MY sights for the META BAND.
(bomb pro sights band)

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41
Q

O-linked Oligosaccharies are mainly linked to the aa’s __ and __ or technicially any aa with an OH group.

A

S, T, Serine & Threonine. ONLY occurs in the Golgi, is based only on Confomotional mods, and does NOT have a common core!

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42
Q

Color and Function of Eosinophils Non-specific granules?

A

Azurophilic; attack and kill parasites, Clean up antigen-antibody complexes AND inflammatory chemicals.

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43
Q

Three steps for Bicarbonate system?

A

CO2(g)–>CO2(d)+H2O–>H2CO3–>H+ + HCO3

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44
Q

BronstEd Acid

A

Electron Donor

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45
Q

D

A

Asp Aspartic Acid

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46
Q

Things that cause a Right-Shift (towards the T-state) in hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

CO2, H+, 2,3 BPG, Exercise, Temperature

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47
Q

Maximal Velocity

A

Product of K2 and total concentration of enzyme:

K2*[Et}

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48
Q

MyeloBLAST–>__ and __ cytes–>Metamyelocyte—>___–>Mature

A

Pro, Myelo, Band

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49
Q

N

A

Asn Asparagine

50
Q

Q

A

Gln Glutamine

51
Q

The reducing end is found at the ____

A

Anomeric Carbon

52
Q

P

A

Pro Proline

53
Q

N-linked Oligosaccharides are CO-TRANSLATIONALLY attached the Four letter sequence_____ in the RER and then is sent to the golgi for even more modification

A

N-X-S/T, or Asn-(Any aa except proline)-Ser/Thr

54
Q

Glycosidic bonds fixes the configuration because

A

The ring can’t undergo mutarotation anymore

55
Q

Methylation ___ the chance of DNA transcription

A

Decreases

56
Q

Proteoglycans vs Glycoproteins

A

Proteoglycans have way more sugars and include at least one SUPER negatively charged Glycosamnoglycan.

57
Q

T

A

Thr Threonine

58
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

molecules that regulate NOT at the active site, but a the regulatory site

59
Q

A backbone compound with fatty acids bonded with an amide bond

A

Sphingosine

60
Q

Mixed Inhibitor on Vmax and Km

A

Vmax/a’ and alpha*Km/a’; The relative effects completely depend on Alpha (affinity to Enzyme) or Alpha prime (affinity to ES complex)

61
Q

Three things lymphocytes can do that other WBCs can’t?

A
  1. Re-enter blood
  2. Divide
  3. Survive for a long time.
62
Q

What are the two Eosinophil matrixes where Specific Granlues are found?

A

The Externum contains peroxidase

The Internum has Major basic protein AND Eosinophil Cationic Protein (most powerful)

63
Q

Platelet Outer light-bluish staining area containing actin-myosin and marginal bundle of microtubules which help maintain its ovoid shape - actin is the most abundant protein

A

Hyalomere

64
Q

F

A

Phe Phenylalanine

65
Q

L

A

Leu Leucine

66
Q

The Promyelocyte makes non-specific granules that are what color?

A

Azurophilic

67
Q

Enzyme efficiency

A

Kcat/KM

68
Q

Tropocollagen moleculaes that are covalently cross-linked form____

A

Collagen Fibrils

69
Q

Turnover Number kcat

A

The number of times an enzyme completes a rxn and is availabe again/per unit time.

Vmax/[E]total

70
Q

The Myelocytes make specific granules that are what color?

A

Salmon-pink

71
Q

During Erythrocyte development, the Nucleus gets ejected from the ____Blast

A

Normo

72
Q

The Stem cell that gives rise to all other in Hematopoiesis

A

Hemocytoblast

73
Q

Pneumonic to remember the stages of Erythropoiesis

A

BeeP ON, MR. E

  • Baso
  • Polychroma
  • Ortho/Normo
  • Marrow -Reticulo
  • Reticulocyte
  • Erythrocyte
74
Q

I

A

Ile Isoleucine

75
Q

____ is composed of D-glucoronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine with repeated B1-3 and B1-4 glycosidic bonds.

A

Hyaluronate (Connective tissue/Synovial Fluid)

76
Q

Molarity of water to determine ion product

A

55.5M

77
Q

Eosinophils have how many nuclear lobes?

A

Two, it’s Bilobed!, Say PEACE OUT to Parasites

78
Q

___ are the most abundant lipid found in biological membranes.

A

Glycerophospholipids

79
Q

S

A

Ser Serine

80
Q

R

A

Arg Arginine

81
Q

What organelles do platelets have?

A

Er’ thang except Nucleus.

82
Q

Red Marrow Vs Yellow Marrow

A

Red marrow is active and found in young tissue, whereas Yellow is inactive and found in older parts.

83
Q

Prosthetic Group

A

Group that’s really attached to enzyme

84
Q

Activation Energy

A

free energy from products to the Transition-state.

85
Q

Bone Stromal Cels

A

Release growth factors to promote development.; like fibroblasts

86
Q

The ____blast has no cytoplasmic granules (granulopoiesis)

A

Myeloblast

87
Q

___ is the most heavily sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of iduronic acid and glucosamine in a1-4 bond.

A

Heparin (anti-coagulant)

88
Q

____ and ____ are the two most common amino acids found in Beta turns

A

Glycine and Proline. Glycine is small and easily bent. Proline is rigid, but it just about the only one that is found in the cis conformation, so it’ll help create a turn.

89
Q

BonstEd Base

A

Electron Acceptor

90
Q

Henderson Hasselbach

A

pH=pka+log(A/HA)

91
Q

Cooperativity

A

The compounded effect on adding substrates of either the same type (homotropic) or different type (heterotropic). The effect can be either positive or negative

92
Q

A

A

Ala Alanine

93
Q

The cross-linking between collagen fibrils is completely dependent on the enzyme____

A

Lysyl Oxidase

94
Q

Apoenzyme

A

An enzyme that’s missing some of its subunits

95
Q

Von Willebrand’s Factor

A

Chemical that mediates Platelet adhesion to subendothelial collagen.

96
Q

The Liver and Spleen Hematopoietic phase lasts until ___ Months

A

9

97
Q

G

A

Gly Glycine

98
Q

Reticulocytes are early stage ___

A

erythrocytes

99
Q

K

A

Lys Lysine

100
Q

Fatty Acyl/Isoprenoid Lipid anchors tie the protein to the ___ of the cell, while Glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors tie the protein to the ___ of the cell.

A

Inside, Outside

101
Q

M

A

Met Methionine

102
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Is passive transport, but uses a protein to help the solute go from high to low concenteration.

103
Q

____ are long, linear polysaccharides comprised of repeating disaccharide units

A

Glycosaminoglycans

104
Q

The Axial Skeleton Hematopoietic phase last until ___ years

A

60

105
Q

C

A

Cys Cysteine

106
Q

An Fe2+ group can make ____ bonds, ___ with Globin ___ with Histadine in an alphahelix and ___ with Oxygen

A

6, 4, 1, 1

107
Q

What are the oxygen dependent/independent methods that neutrophils kill microbes?

A

Oxy-Radicals

Non-Oxy-Proton pump and makes super acidic phagosomes.

108
Q

When naming carbs, you start at the ____ end and work towards the___

A

non-reducing, reducing

109
Q

When proline is added to an Alpha helix, it becomes______

A

destablized

110
Q

Specificity and color of neutrophil’s granules that contain: Myeloperoxidase, defensins, bacterial perm increasing protein, acid hydrolases, and proteolytic enzymes with peroxidase?

A

Non-specific, Reddish purple. (Large and Dense)

111
Q

Erythropoietion (EPO) is produced by the ___

A

Kidney, in the Renal interstitial peritubular cells which detect low blood oxygen levels

112
Q

V

A

Val Valine

113
Q

H

A

His Histidine

114
Q

Supervital Stains such as Cresyl Blue stain what in newly formed Erythrocytes?

A

Remnants of RNA

115
Q

inner (central) purple area of platelet with granules

A

Granulomere

116
Q

Three layers and percentages of blood.

A

Plasma-55%
RBC-40-50%
WBC/Platelets-1% (middle layer)

117
Q

Acetylation ___ the chance of DNA transcription

A

Increases

118
Q 
Colors of:
Basophilic
Azurophilic
Eosinophilic
Neutrophilic
A

Baso/Blue
Azur/Purple
Eosin/Orng
Neutro/Pink

119
Q

Competitive Inhibitor effect on Km

A

Alpha*Km (goes up by alpha), More substrate is needed to get desired effect since it needs to overcome the competitive inhibition

120
Q

Alpha helixes have about (round up) _____ residues per turn.

A

Four

121
Q

Y

A

Tyr Tyrosine

122
Q

Hematocrit

A

Volume of blood occupied by erythrocytes.

Exam 1 (4 decks)

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