MCP Flashcards
The Medullo-lymphatic Hematopoietic phase last until about ___ years
30
Propeptides
help faster assembly of proteins; then CLEAVED
Uncompetitive inhibitor effect on Apparent Km
Km/a’; similarly the apparent KM goes down because since the Velocity drops, you’ll have less product at half the velocity
Alpha Enzyme Coefficient Equation
a=1+[Inhibitor]/Km(of inhibitor)
Sugars are designated either ___ or ___ based upon the configuration of the chrial carbon furthest from the carbonyl
D, L
What specificity and color are Neutrophil’s granules that contain: Lactoferrin, NADPH oxidase, Lysozyme, B12, Binding protein, and Alkaline phophatase?
Specific, Salmon Pink
Cholesterol has a polar head. (True or False)
True, it has a hydroxyl group on the 3’ spot of its heaxane ring
___ is the sphingolipid with phosphocholine
Spingomyelin
The Primordial Hematopoietic phase lasts until ___ months
3
Transition State Analogues
Substance that are similar to the Transition state of a given reaction, but don’t actually produce any products so they make excellent INHIBITORS
Triple Collagen Helix is called___
Tropocollagen
Holoenzyme
An Enzyme with all of its subunits, cofactors etc.
The Primordial erythroblasts form in the ___
Yolk Sac
The Hematopoietic comparment consists of two structures
- Stroma
2. Hematopoietic cells
Sphingolipids with glucose are known as either ___ or ___
Glycolipids or Glucosylcebrosides
Coenzyme
Organic molecule that helps enzyme, easily taken away from the enzyme
What key characteristic happens at the pka?
The concentration of the proton donor equal the concentration of the proton acceptor.
Spectrin and Actin are two main protein in the membrane of ___
Erythrocytes, The membrane lattice is attached by Ankyrin to the membrane
__ is the sphingolipid with just a hydrogen as the R group
Ceramide
Reticulocytes can be visually idenified by
brillian cresyl blue, because there’s residual rRNA
Glycogen consists of ___ and ___ bonds
a1-4, a1-6
Cofactor
Inorganic Molecule that helps enzymes (e.g. metal ions)
Delta G
Change in free energy between products and reactants, negative means spontaneous
Gangliosides have ___ as their side groups
Complex oligosaccharides such NANA
Why are neutrophils also known as Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes?
Because the nucleus may consist of 2-5 lobes.
Myoglobin has a much ___ affinity for oxygen compared to Hemoglobin
Higher
In Granulopoiesis the ____ phase of cells is the last mitotic one
Myelocyte, Also last phase where the nucleus is still ROUND.
Michaelis-Menten
Vo=(Vmax*[S])/(Km + [S])
Uncompetitive inhibitor effect on Vmax
Vmax/a’, The Vmax is going down, because velocity is defined as the amount of product being generated per unit time; therefore Since the inhibitor binds to the ES complex, less product is made
E
Glu Glutamic Acid
The last Erythropoietic Cells to undergo Mitosis are the ____ Erythroblasts
Polychromatophilic
The T-state in hemoglobin has a ___ affinity for oxygen
low
W
Trp Tryptophan
Which WBC contains Histamine, proteases, and heparin in specific granules?
Basophils.
Fibrin vs fibrinogen
Platelets quickly stick with fibronegen, but it’s weak. Fibrin is insoluble and strong (Thrombin initiates this conversion)
Prepeptides
A Signal Sequence that helps molecules travel to the right places, but is then cleaved out
Red bone marrow has 3 structural components
- Bone
- Vasculature
- Hematopoietic Slot
What happens to the pH if the A:HA ratio is greater than 1?
The pH wil be higher than the pKa of the solution.
Competitive Inhibitor effect on Vmax
Nothing
Pneumonic to remember Granulocytic development?
My Blast sets up PROfessional and MY sights for the META BAND.
(bomb pro sights band)
O-linked Oligosaccharies are mainly linked to the aa’s __ and __ or technicially any aa with an OH group.
S, T, Serine & Threonine. ONLY occurs in the Golgi, is based only on Confomotional mods, and does NOT have a common core!
Color and Function of Eosinophils Non-specific granules?
Azurophilic; attack and kill parasites, Clean up antigen-antibody complexes AND inflammatory chemicals.
Three steps for Bicarbonate system?
CO2(g)–>CO2(d)+H2O–>H2CO3–>H+ + HCO3
BronstEd Acid
Electron Donor
D
Asp Aspartic Acid
Things that cause a Right-Shift (towards the T-state) in hemoglobin dissociation curve
CO2, H+, 2,3 BPG, Exercise, Temperature
Maximal Velocity
Product of K2 and total concentration of enzyme:
K2*[Et}
MyeloBLAST–>__ and __ cytes–>Metamyelocyte—>___–>Mature
Pro, Myelo, Band
N
Asn Asparagine
Q
Gln Glutamine
The reducing end is found at the ____
Anomeric Carbon
P
Pro Proline
N-linked Oligosaccharides are CO-TRANSLATIONALLY attached the Four letter sequence_____ in the RER and then is sent to the golgi for even more modification
N-X-S/T, or Asn-(Any aa except proline)-Ser/Thr
Glycosidic bonds fixes the configuration because
The ring can’t undergo mutarotation anymore
Methylation ___ the chance of DNA transcription
Decreases
Proteoglycans vs Glycoproteins
Proteoglycans have way more sugars and include at least one SUPER negatively charged Glycosamnoglycan.
T
Thr Threonine
Allosteric Regulation
molecules that regulate NOT at the active site, but a the regulatory site
A backbone compound with fatty acids bonded with an amide bond
Sphingosine
Mixed Inhibitor on Vmax and Km
Vmax/a’ and alpha*Km/a’; The relative effects completely depend on Alpha (affinity to Enzyme) or Alpha prime (affinity to ES complex)
Three things lymphocytes can do that other WBCs can’t?
- Re-enter blood
- Divide
- Survive for a long time.
What are the two Eosinophil matrixes where Specific Granlues are found?
The Externum contains peroxidase
The Internum has Major basic protein AND Eosinophil Cationic Protein (most powerful)
Platelet Outer light-bluish staining area containing actin-myosin and marginal bundle of microtubules which help maintain its ovoid shape - actin is the most abundant protein
Hyalomere
F
Phe Phenylalanine
L
Leu Leucine
The Promyelocyte makes non-specific granules that are what color?
Azurophilic
Enzyme efficiency
Kcat/KM
Tropocollagen moleculaes that are covalently cross-linked form____
Collagen Fibrils
Turnover Number kcat
The number of times an enzyme completes a rxn and is availabe again/per unit time.
Vmax/[E]total
The Myelocytes make specific granules that are what color?
Salmon-pink
During Erythrocyte development, the Nucleus gets ejected from the ____Blast
Normo
The Stem cell that gives rise to all other in Hematopoiesis
Hemocytoblast
Pneumonic to remember the stages of Erythropoiesis
BeeP ON, MR. E
- Baso
- Polychroma
- Ortho/Normo
- Marrow -Reticulo
- Reticulocyte
- Erythrocyte
I
Ile Isoleucine
____ is composed of D-glucoronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine with repeated B1-3 and B1-4 glycosidic bonds.
Hyaluronate (Connective tissue/Synovial Fluid)
Molarity of water to determine ion product
55.5M
Eosinophils have how many nuclear lobes?
Two, it’s Bilobed!, Say PEACE OUT to Parasites
___ are the most abundant lipid found in biological membranes.
Glycerophospholipids
S
Ser Serine
R
Arg Arginine
What organelles do platelets have?
Er’ thang except Nucleus.
Red Marrow Vs Yellow Marrow
Red marrow is active and found in young tissue, whereas Yellow is inactive and found in older parts.
Prosthetic Group
Group that’s really attached to enzyme
Activation Energy
free energy from products to the Transition-state.
Bone Stromal Cels
Release growth factors to promote development.; like fibroblasts
The ____blast has no cytoplasmic granules (granulopoiesis)
Myeloblast
___ is the most heavily sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of iduronic acid and glucosamine in a1-4 bond.
Heparin (anti-coagulant)
____ and ____ are the two most common amino acids found in Beta turns
Glycine and Proline. Glycine is small and easily bent. Proline is rigid, but it just about the only one that is found in the cis conformation, so it’ll help create a turn.
BonstEd Base
Electron Acceptor
Henderson Hasselbach
pH=pka+log(A/HA)
Cooperativity
The compounded effect on adding substrates of either the same type (homotropic) or different type (heterotropic). The effect can be either positive or negative
A
Ala Alanine
The cross-linking between collagen fibrils is completely dependent on the enzyme____
Lysyl Oxidase
Apoenzyme
An enzyme that’s missing some of its subunits
Von Willebrand’s Factor
Chemical that mediates Platelet adhesion to subendothelial collagen.
The Liver and Spleen Hematopoietic phase lasts until ___ Months
9
G
Gly Glycine
Reticulocytes are early stage ___
erythrocytes
K
Lys Lysine
Fatty Acyl/Isoprenoid Lipid anchors tie the protein to the ___ of the cell, while Glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors tie the protein to the ___ of the cell.
Inside, Outside
M
Met Methionine
Facilitated Diffusion
Is passive transport, but uses a protein to help the solute go from high to low concenteration.
____ are long, linear polysaccharides comprised of repeating disaccharide units
Glycosaminoglycans
The Axial Skeleton Hematopoietic phase last until ___ years
60
C
Cys Cysteine
An Fe2+ group can make ____ bonds, ___ with Globin ___ with Histadine in an alphahelix and ___ with Oxygen
6, 4, 1, 1
What are the oxygen dependent/independent methods that neutrophils kill microbes?
Oxy-Radicals
Non-Oxy-Proton pump and makes super acidic phagosomes.
When naming carbs, you start at the ____ end and work towards the___
non-reducing, reducing
When proline is added to an Alpha helix, it becomes______
destablized
Specificity and color of neutrophil’s granules that contain: Myeloperoxidase, defensins, bacterial perm increasing protein, acid hydrolases, and proteolytic enzymes with peroxidase?
Non-specific, Reddish purple. (Large and Dense)
Erythropoietion (EPO) is produced by the ___
Kidney, in the Renal interstitial peritubular cells which detect low blood oxygen levels
V
Val Valine
H
His Histidine
Supervital Stains such as Cresyl Blue stain what in newly formed Erythrocytes?
Remnants of RNA
inner (central) purple area of platelet with granules
Granulomere
Three layers and percentages of blood.
Plasma-55%
RBC-40-50%
WBC/Platelets-1% (middle layer)
Acetylation ___ the chance of DNA transcription
Increases
Colors of: Basophilic Azurophilic Eosinophilic Neutrophilic
Baso/Blue
Azur/Purple
Eosin/Orng
Neutro/Pink
Competitive Inhibitor effect on Km
Alpha*Km (goes up by alpha), More substrate is needed to get desired effect since it needs to overcome the competitive inhibition
Alpha helixes have about (round up) _____ residues per turn.
Four
Y
Tyr Tyrosine
Hematocrit
Volume of blood occupied by erythrocytes.
