MCP 6 Flashcards
folate deficiency
B9. neural tube defects in newborns of deficient mothers, macrocytic anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia (cardiovascular risk).
susceptible groups are pregnant women, elderly, alcoholics, patients with long term drug treatments, genetic polymorphisms in folate metabolism
folate function
vitamin B9. precursor of tetrahydrofolate, coenzyme involved in generating precursors for DNA and protein synth.
cobalamin function
B12. coenzyme in methionine synthesis and in conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. needed in folate metabolism
cobalamin deficiency
Pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia with demyelination). susceptible groups are the elderly, patients with malabsorption diseases, long-term vegetarians
minerals
inorganic compounds critical for human physiology. many minerals are enzyme cofactors, but can play roles on their own. categorized as macrominerals and microminerals based on level required. often work in parallel with vitamins
macrominerals
potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium. need >100-200 mg a day
microminerals
iron, copper, zinc, chromium, iodine, manganese, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, boron. need less than 100 mg a day
calcium function
major bone component. used in signaling, coagulation, muscle contraction, and neurotransmission
calcium deficiency
mild: muscle cramps, osteoporosis. severe: rickets.
susceptible groups are children, adult women, and elderly
osteoporosis
porous bone due to lack of calcium.
magnesium functions
essential for many enzymes using MgATP as a substrate. present at high levels in bone
magnesium deficiency
weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia. susceptible groups are alcoholics, patients taking diuretics, or experiencing severe vomiting and diarrhea
phosphorous function
mostly present in phosphates. major component of bone. constituent of nucleic acids, membrane lipids, required in all energy producing reactions
phosphorous deficiency
rare: can result in rickets, muscle weakness and breakdown, seizures. quite abundant in the food supply so it is tough to get a deficiency
iron function
O2/CO2 transport in hemoglobin. oxidative phosphorylation. cofactor in several nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes.
iron deficiency
microcytic hypochromic anemia, decreased immunity. susceptible groups are children and menstruating women, pregnant women, and the elderly
iron toxicity: long term and acute
long term: Hemochromatosis. iron overload leads to iron deposits in tissues. leads to compromised liver, pancreatic and cardiac function. can lead to lactic acidosis
acute: iron overdose in children. most common cause of death dur to toxicity in kids under 6. comes from consumption of adult iron supplements
copper function
assists iron absorption through ceruloplasmin. cofactor for enzymes required in collagen synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and elimination of reactive oxygen species
copper deficiency
rare. symptoms include anemia, hypercholesterolemia, fragility of large arteries, bone demineralization, demyelination. susceptible patients are those with genetic disease Menkes’ syndrome, or consuming excessive zinc
menkes’ disease
copper deficiency disorder that comes from inherited mutations in a Cu-transporting ATPase.
wilson’s disease
result of mutations in a transporter closely related to the ATP7A transporter associated with menkes’ disease. however, the symptoms of wilson’s disease arise from toxicity due to copper overload rather than copper deficiency.
zinc function
cofactor for over 300 metalloenzymes. plays a structural role in many proteins (zinc fingers)
zinc deficiency
poor wound healing, dematitis, reduced taste, poor growth, impaired sexual development. susceptible groups are alcoholics, elderly, people with malabsorption or kidney disease
chromium function
component of chromodulin. facilitates insulin binding to its receptor
