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MCO - Biology > MCO - L 22-31 > Flashcards

MCO - L 22-31 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of membrane?

A

semi permeable ; detects & interprets changes to extracellular environment ; anchorage sites for extracellular proteins & cytoskeleton ; alternative environment (hydrophobic)

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2
Q

what makes the membrane fluid?

A

the lipids and proteins

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3
Q

list the proteins & their function in the membrane

A

– sensing & reacting ti environment; — cell to cell communication ; Flopase - flips phospholipids ; translocate - semipermeable barrier

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4
Q

why does the ER have an extracellular lumen

A

the proteins made inside the ER will be placed on the membrane therefore need extracellular environment.

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5
Q

what is PM mainly made of (using units)?

A

10^9 lipids in a typical cell, mainly made of phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol.

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6
Q

list where lipids are used and their place of function

A

fule for metabolism in the form to triacylglycerides; membranes as phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol ; signalling ag steroid hormones or Eicosanoids

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7
Q

in what solution are lipids soluble?

A

hydrophobic organic solvents eg. chloroform

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8
Q

list properties of micelle and liposomes

A

extensive, close in on themselves, self sealing

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9
Q

what makes up the tail of phospholipids and treacly glycerides?

A

FA

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10
Q

list the properties of FA

A

end in COOH, long hydrocarbon chains (14-24C), saturated or unsaturated

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11
Q

name the three numbering systems for carbon chains:

A

w1, w2… ; 1,2,3 ;

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12
Q

what does C18. ⃤9 mean

A

18 carbon chain with double bond between 9 and 10

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13
Q

what happens to melting point as double bonds increase?

A

decrease

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14
Q

what happens to hydrocarbon chains when unsaturated?

A

kink making irregular packing therefore decrease in melting point, increase in fluidity.

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15
Q

how do you obtain linoleic acid?

A

diet

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16
Q

what is lionleic acid used for in cells?

A

cell signalling

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17
Q

outline the synthesis of eicosanoids:

A

linoleic acid is synthesised into arachidonic acid which is then synthesised into eicosanoids

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18
Q

explain the process of pain signalling

A

inflammation signal -> membrane -> arachidonic acid released -> prostaglandin or eicosanoids -> inflammation or pain.

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19
Q

name the parts of a phospholipid

A

OH head , phosphate, glycerol , 2 FA

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20
Q

how can phosphates be modified?

A

by adding head groups by ester bonds eg. Choline

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21
Q

function of head groups

A

signalling

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22
Q

explain the mechanism for PLC

A

signal -> PCL -> cleave Inositol phosphate -> transmit signal into cell

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23
Q

what do sphingomyelin form and what is its function?

A

forms an amide not an ester, and use is signal transduction and apoptosis

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24
Q

glycolipid structure and function:

A

1 sugar derived from sphingosine ; immune response and cell-cell recognition and attachment.

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25
Q

what is a sterol and has 4 carbon rings, effects membrane fluidity and is only found in animal and is the only steoroid in the plasma membrane?

A

cholesterol

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26
Q

how is lateral diffusion measured?

A

flurophores are bleached blight and measure the rate of diffusion

27
Q

what happens when temperature increases too much for a membrane?

A

increased fluidity, permeability and lipid molecular movement

28
Q

what happens lipid composition as fluidity fluctuates?

A

unsaturated kinks, short chain, high temp.

29
Q

chat does cholesterol do?

A

increase fluidity in the middle of the membrane, and decrease in the edges.

30
Q

cholesterol structure

A

polar head, 4 rings, non polar hydrocarbon tail.

31
Q

how is the lipid belayer asymmetric?

A

Dif lipid composition on either side. flippase catalyses flipping to maintain correct monolayer.

32
Q

role of the er in the membrane:

A

synthesis & modification of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.

33
Q

types of membrane proteins:

A

integral, peripheral, proteins bound to integral, covalently anchored to membrane

34
Q

how is topology maintained?

A

hydrophobic & electrostatic interactions

35
Q

function and structure of ICAM?

A

several extracellular domains, cell-cell adhesion, immune system & endothelial cells, increased in inflammation ; 5 extracellular immunoglobulin domains, 1 transmembrane spanning helix, short cytoplasmic tail

36
Q

function and structure of bacteriorhodopsin:

A

**

37
Q

describe the structure of porins:

A

barrel shape + pore centre ; hydrophobic exterior and hydrophilic interior

38
Q

what kind of interactions do parietal proteins form?

A

NOT COVALENT, only electrostatic, H- bond, van Der Waals

39
Q

how are peripheral proteins anchored to the membrane?

A

hydrocarbon groups

40
Q

role of ankyrin and spectrin:

A

maintain plasma membrane integrity based cytoskeletal structure.

41
Q

function of carbohydrates:

A

attach to lipids & proteins to form a physical barrier against bacteria or viruses, mechanosensing and/or cell shape –> cell recognition and immune response

42
Q

where are carbohydrates?

A

proteins in the form of oligosaccharide chains and in lipids in the form of sugar residue

43
Q

why are transporters needed in membranes?

A

–

44
Q

name the types of molecules that pass through the membrane:

A

small hydrophobic, small uncharged, water

45
Q

name the characteristics of transport:

A

passive or active, specific, regulated

46
Q

characteristic of carrier:

A

passive or active , for specific ions

47
Q

what % of ATP is used for ATP hydrolysis in humans?

A

40%

48
Q

active transporters:

A

ATP driven, light dependent, coupled

49
Q

3 transpoters:

A

P type, F type, ABC transporter

50
Q

how is stomach acid made?

A

CO2 diffuses, combine with water & carbonic acid, bicarbonate exchanged for CL-, H+ enters the lumen via CL- channel

51
Q

explain the FISH technique:

A

grow cells on glass and fix, add in detergent to make permeable, incubate with chromosome specific fluorescent oligonucleotide probes.

52
Q

are chromosomes evenly dispersed in the nucleus during interphase?

A

no

53
Q

how is G2 different from G1?

A

different number of chromosomes - separated by 3 steps for interphase.

54
Q

outline how unfertilised eggs showed protein expression

A

denatured -> s methionine -> Gell -> protein pattern

55
Q

explain cyclin A expression in cell fertilisation

A

A accumulates, fertilised= rise and falls –> cyclin rises and falls in cell division

56
Q

what was Tim hunts conclusion?

A

cyclin is the key controller of cell cycle

57
Q

where r CDKs present?

A

all eukaryotic

58
Q

how do you form an inactive hetrodynimic complex?

A

CDK + cyclin

59
Q

how many cyclins and CDK are there?

A

2 cyclins and 3 CDK

60
Q

how s phase cyclins expressed?

A

G1 cyclins-CDK complexes phosphorylate their targets which prep for S phase and promote the expression of cyclins

61
Q

list how cyclins A, B, D, E control replication:

A

D&E - prep for S phase
A - replication of chromosomes
A&B - phosphorylate to activate spindle fibres

62
Q

what signals are needed for cell proliferation or differentiation?

A

mitogenic signal, restriction point

63
Q

explain the reentry of G1 from G0

A

mitogenic signals

MCO - Biology (5 decks)

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