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MCO - Biology > L32-43 Test 4 > Flashcards

L32-43 Test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What two capacities are needed for a multi cellular organism to function?

A

Structural integrity + receive and respond to stimuli = functional units

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2
Q

How do organisms start of simple and become complex?

A

Gene expression of 4 processes; cell proliferation, specialisation, interactions between cells, movement and migration of cells.

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3
Q

Proteins important for multicellular development:

A

Cell adhesion and signalling transmembrane proteins;
Gene regulatory proteins

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4
Q

Types of cell anchoring junctions

A

Cell - cell =adherents (actin and cadherin proteins) and desmosome ( intermediate and cadherin proteins)
Cell - matrix = actin linked ( actin and integrin proteins) and hemidosomes ( intermediate and integrin proteins)

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5
Q

What different dna regulators lead to variation of body plan/ shape / structure

A

Regulatory proteins - Transcription factors
Non coding regulatory dna - enhancers

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6
Q

How can mutations and developmental errors be useful?

A

Helps identify pivotal genes and protein production
Large scale screening using mutagenesis and knockout studies

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7
Q

How do differences in protein expression and cell-cell communication manifest into anatomical changes?

A

—

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8
Q

List the germ layers of a fertilised egg

A

Ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

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9
Q

Is a cells fate decided?

A

As the 3 regions develop they are more committed to their fate

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10
Q

Describe the two stages of commitment

A

1- specification - cultured in a neutral environment & differentiate according to its fate. But dif environment = change in fate
2- determination - differentiate according to shape in different environments

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11
Q

What is meant by ‘regionally determined’

A

Undifferentiated tissue is determined as ‘leg tissue’ but not a specific part - not fully committed

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12
Q

Define induction

A

One group of cells influence the developmental fate of another

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13
Q

What is inductive interaction

A

It determines a pattern formation ie what drives cells with the same potential to follow a different path of development

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14
Q

What is the main influence on a cells behaviour?

A

Environment- determines gene expression

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15
Q

What determines cell fate?

A

Asymetric division
+(inductive interactions and inductive signals)

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16
Q

HOX genes function

A

Regulate body plan

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17
Q

what does the wuschel gene do?

A

maintains meristem in plants

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18
Q

what hormone classes are there in plants?

A

Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid, Ethylene, Bassionsteroids

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19
Q

three phases of plant morphogenesis:

A

cell differentiation, cell growth, cell division

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20
Q

what two things determine the flowering of a plant?

A

the environment and specialised growth and differentiation

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21
Q

what is whorl in plants?

A

different layers of meristem; sepal, petal, stamen, carpel

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22
Q

what controls the pattern of whorl?

A

selector genes

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23
Q

tissues are composed of what cells?

A

cells that have common embryonic origin

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24
Q

what is histology the study of?

A

tissues ( preparation, sectioning, staining, and imaging)

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25
Q

what lines all internal surfaces?

A

epithelia cells

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26
Q

do epithelia cells have a top and bottom?

A

yes, they are polarised and have closely associated junctions separated by very little intercellular space

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27
Q

what comprises the ECM

A

Basel lamina and reticular lamina

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28
Q

list the function of the epithelia tissue

A

protect, selective barriers, filtration, secretion, absorption, excretion

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29
Q

name the epithelial tissue cell shapes

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, NB

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30
Q

name the epithelial tissue cell layers

A

simple, pseudostratified, stratified

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31
Q

connective tissue main elements

A

extracellular matrix, cells

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32
Q

what do all forms of CT (connective tissue) have?

A

undifferentiated progenitor cells

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33
Q

what are connective tissue derived from?

A

embryonic mesenchymal cells

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34
Q

what are connective tissue derived from?

A

embryonic mesenchymal cells

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35
Q

what makes p muscle tissue

A

myocyes

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36
Q

what are muscle tissues involved in?

A

generating force - but they have differing characteristics

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37
Q

what are the properties of skeletal muscle?

A

long cylindrical fibres, range from a few cm to 30 cm , striated , developed from the fusion of 100s of myoblasts, innervated by somatic motor neurones , close to capillary

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38
Q

name the characteristics of smooth muscle cells:

A

short, central oval nucleus, not striated, large stretch and coil capacity, slower and longer lasting contraction some are autorhythmic - myogenic , two types

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39
Q

what are the two type of smooth muscle cells

A

visceral and multiunit

40
Q

how are neighbouring cardiac muscle fibres connected?

A

by intercalated discs via desmosomes

41
Q

many – are present to allow the myocardium to contract as one coordinated unit

A

gap junctions

42
Q

what does myogenic mean?

A

signal comes from within the heart to contract

43
Q

what cell groups are autorythmic in cardiac cells?

A

pacemaker(san)- under autonomic regulation
conduction system (AVN, bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje fibres)

44
Q

what are the two nervous tissue categories?

A

central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system - somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system

45
Q

stem cells are:

A

rare cell types, in a specific niche, that can renew themselves over the lifetime of the organ and produce daughter cells

46
Q

what is the difference between embryonic SC and adult SC?

A

embryonic alter the gene expression, adult maintains the SC properties

47
Q

what are the two essential properties of stem cells?

A

self renewal and potency

48
Q

types of stem cells

A

totipotent, pluripotent, oligopotent, unipotent

49
Q

do all Basel keratinocytes have potential?

A

no

50
Q

what is layer out during embryonic growth with short range signals?

A

the pattern of organ growth and size

51
Q

where can stem cells be found?

A

Basel layer, tips of basal papillae

52
Q

what there fundamental processes determine organ size?

A

cell division
cell growth
cell death
these all are part of intercellular programme and extracellular signal molecules that determine mitogens, growth factors, survival factors

53
Q

when does the vascular process start and what is the next stage?

A

early embryonic endothelial cell with vasculogenesis and then branches to form angiogenesis

54
Q

steps are for which process?
Basel lamina breaks down -> endothelial cell migrate into internal space -> endothelia cells proliferate -> development of lumen -> vessel is stabilised by pericyte recruitment

A

angiogenesis

55
Q

what does vascular endothelial growth factor trigger?

A

angiogenesis

56
Q

what does Notch signalling do?

A

controls which cells become tip/stalk

57
Q

comapre phototrophic and auxotrophic bacteria

A

phototrophic is wild type and does not need a special nutritional factor, Auxotrohic has been impaired and can’t grow in a media without x

58
Q

what are biosynthetic auxotrophs?

A

require additional nutrients - effect ability to synthesise AA /nucleotide/vitamine

59
Q

what are catabolic auxotrophs?

A

lost ability to catabolise carbon source

60
Q

what are some housekeeping genes of E. coli?

A

DNA replication, transcription and translation, cell division, glycolysis

61
Q

compare ts and cs mutants

A

ts = temperature sensitive
cs = cold sensitive

62
Q

what are some examples of mutagens?

A

chemical or physical agents;
nitrous acid, reactive oxygen species, alkylating agents, intercalating agents, uv light.

63
Q

what’s the difference between DNA transitions vs transversions?

A

cytosine (pyrimidine) -> guanine (purine) = transversion
adenine (purine) -> guanine (purine) = transitions

64
Q

what could cause mismatched base pairs?

A

error in replication, tautamerisation or damage such as deamination

65
Q

what is an example of a mismatched base pair?

A

hypoxanthine (from deamination of adenine )

66
Q

what are the consequences of point mutations?

A

some are lethal –> not inherited
some have no effect
genes under control of promoter - can effect sequence or regulation of translation
promotor- can effect transcription (but may have no consequence)
non coding - no consequence or effect on promoter or regulatory sequences

67
Q

3 types of mutations?

A

silent, missense, nonsence

68
Q

what is a frameshift mutation?

A

an insertion or deletion of a nucleotide

69
Q

missence vs nonsence vs frameshift?

A

missence = protein may have genotypic of phenotypic change
nonsence and frameshift = usually detrimental with both genotypic and phenotypic changed

70
Q

deletions?

A

remove kilobases and lose several genes / single base pair
– framshift mutation - coding or regulation effected

71
Q

inversion?

A

flip of kilo base and several genes or be much shorter - can disrupt but could just invert

72
Q

consequences of tandem repeats?

A

overproduction of proteins / evolution of proteins

73
Q

transposons ?

A

nucleotide sequence that moves its self around - can disrupt genes

74
Q

compare reversion and suppression mutations:

A

1 - change back into original sequence , 2- second mutation that results in original phenotype

75
Q

intergenic suppression?

A

2nd mutation in Dif gene - surpasses phenotype = nonsence suppression

76
Q

what is nonsence suppression?

A

trna mutation reads past the substitution DNA mutation

77
Q

why are strains with nonsence suppressors sick?

A

ignore / suppress stop codon = long proteins - incorrect folding

78
Q

what is phenotype lag?

A

phenotype not seen for several generations- eg tonB - mutation = no more made but there are copies still present

79
Q

what is cross feeding?

A

block in metabolic pathway - metabolites move between bac = dependent on each other

80
Q

Ames test is a biological asset

A

use his auxotroph bacteria -> plate one with chemical one withought –> measure reversions to see if chemical is mutagenic

81
Q

what is an operon?

A

a group of genes under the control of the same promotor = genes can be regulated together

82
Q

what are housekeeping genes?

A

active all the time eg replication and translation

83
Q

diauxic growth

A

used consecutively not simultaneously

84
Q

lac operon

A

normally off
induced by allolactose (bound to repressor = on)

85
Q

transduction meaning

A

genetic exchange mediated by bacteriophages

86
Q

T2 phage:

A

single or double stranded DNA or RNA, genome varies, circular or linear

87
Q

what influences phage ecology?

A

characteristics of host, population dynamics, long term evolution

88
Q

explain the mechanism for competence

A

ComX recreated - > ComP (receptor) sets off reaction of events = gene expression
therefore competence

89
Q

name the pheromones released for the mechanism for competence

A

ComX and CSF (ComP = receptor)

90
Q

types of phage and their characteristics:

A

T2 - double stranded genome of 160 KBP - kills E. coli(lytic)
Labda phage - double stranded linear 48KBP – interacts with Ecoli, infection lytic or lysogenic

91
Q

restrictive modification system :

A

enzymatic cleavage of phage DNA - enzyme = restriction
host DNA - modified by methylation = not effected
Restriction enzymes- bac and archer –> defence

92
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

attachment - incorporation into genome- passed on

93
Q

lysogen and prophage?

A

lysogen= strain of bac carrying lysogenic phage
prophage = phage in lysogenic state

94
Q

how do plasmids copy?

A

Rolling Circular replication –> nick -> 3’ acts as primer -> old strand now ssDNA –> enters new bacteria –> circularised and ligated –> replication initiated at single stranded origin of replication –> RNA primers starts DNA polymerase off –> ligate
- 2 plasmids

95
Q

Her strain?

A

integrated into genome f plasmid is transferred

96
Q

why do u want to clone ad/or express a gene?

A

determine nucleotide sequence
analyse its control sequence
identify mutations
investigate the structure and function of the encoded protein
produce large amounts of encoded protein
make “tagged” versions of the product for ease of purification
investigate the intracellular targeting of the gene product

MCO - Biology (5 decks)

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