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Biochemistry > MCM - Lipid Anabolism > Flashcards

MCM - Lipid Anabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Functions of Lipids (4)

A
  1. Fuel Stores; Triacyl Glyverols
  2. Structural Components; plasma membranes
  3. Signaling Molecules; Prostaglandins
  4. “Other;” Provide insulation, generate heat, fat digestion
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2
Q

What is the most efficient way to store energy

A

Triacylglycerols

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3
Q

Why are Triacylgrlycerols able to pack tighter

A

Saturation and tight packing with hydrophobic interations

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4
Q

What is the major Carbon source for Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

In which organ does Fatty Acid Synthesis mainly Occur

A

The Liver

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6
Q

Where does Fatty Acid Synthesis Occur other than the liver

A

adipose tissue, the brain, kidneys, lactating mammary glands

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7
Q

What are the two precursors for Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA

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8
Q

What are the three phases of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A
  1. Cytosolic Entry of Acetyl-CoA
  2. Generation of Malonyl-CoA
  3. Fatty Acid Formation
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9
Q

First Step of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA and Oxaloacetate Condensation Reaction to form Citrate

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10
Q

Where does the Citrate that is formed go

A

Citrate is shuttled out of the Mitochondria into the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What happens to the citrate once in the cytoplasm

A

ATP Citrate Lyase takes citrate to Oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA

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12
Q

What inhibits ATP Citrate Lyase

A

PUFA and Leptin

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13
Q

What Activates ATP Citrate Lyase

A

Glucose and Insulin and Phosphorylation

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14
Q

Where does the Oxaloacetate go once separated from Citrate

A

Malate goes back into the mitochondrial matrix or gets turned into Pyruvate by Malic Enzyme

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15
Q

What is the Second Step of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Making Malonyl-CoA

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16
Q

How do you make Malonyl-CoA

A

Acetyl-CoA to Malonyl-CoA via Acetyl CoA Carboxylase with ATP; the rate limiting step

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17
Q

What inhibits Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

A

Glucagon, Epinephrine, High [AMP], Palmitate, PUFA

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18
Q

What activates Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

A

Citrate and Insulin

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19
Q

How does Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase add a carbon onto Acetyl-CoA

A

CO2 is used

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20
Q

What is the Inactive Form of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

A

Dimeric

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21
Q

What is the Active form Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

A

Polymeric

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22
Q

Malonyl-CoA Uses (3)

A
  1. Substrate for Fatty Acid Synthesis
  2. Inhibits Carnitine Acyltransferase; the rate limiting step in Beta-Oxidation
  3. Prevents FA Synthesis and Degradation from occurring simultaneously
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23
Q

What is the Third Phase of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Chain Formation

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24
Q

What is the enzyme that is used to grow the Fatty Acid Chain

A

Fatty Acid Synthase; the rate limiting step of Phase 3

25
Q

What is the makeup of Fatty Acid Synthase

A

7 enzyme activities and an acyl carrier protein; kind of like an arm

26
Q

How is the Fatty Acid Chain grown; first step

A

Starts with Acetyl-CoA on the cysteine side and Malonyl-CoA on the pantothenic side; they go through a condensation reaction and make a 4 carbon chain

27
Q

How is the Fatty Acid Chain grown; second step

A

The 4 Carbon group is Reduced

28
Q

How is the Fatty Acid Chain Grown; Third Step

A

The 4 Carbon group is Dehydrated

29
Q

How is the Fatty Acid Chain Grown, Fourth Step

A

The 4 Carbon Group is Reduced

30
Q

How is the Fatty Acid Chain Grown, Cyclic Step

A

Malonyl-CoA is added to the pantothenic side and steps through 1-4 are repeated (6-7 times depending on size fo FA)

31
Q

What are the 3 regulation points of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A
  1. ATP Citrate Lyase; Phase 1
  2. ACC (Acetyl CoA Carboxylase); Phase 2
  3. Fatty Acid Synthase; Phase 3
32
Q

What is the rate limiting Step of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

33
Q

Allosteric Regulation of A.C.C.

A

Citrate; positive

Long chain fatty acids (palmitate); negative

34
Q

Phosphorylation or Dephosphorylation Regulation of A.C.C.

A

Insulin; Deposph

Epinephrine, Glucagon, AMP; Phosph

35
Q

When is gene expression induced in A.C.C.

A

high carb/low fat diet

36
Q

What Allosteric Regulators effect Fatty Acid Synthase

A

Presence of Phosphorylated sugars; increasing activity

37
Q

When is Fatty Acid Synthase Induced or Repressed

A

Insulin and Glucocoritcoid hormones; increase
High Carb/Low Fat; increase
High Fat Diets; lowers
High PUFA; lowers

38
Q

What does PUFA Stand for

A

Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids

39
Q

What is Leptin Use

A

Regulate body weight:
Inhibit food intake
Stimulate energy expenditure

40
Q

Where is Palmitate (16 Chain Fatty Acid) Elongated

A

The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum or the Mitochondria

41
Q

Why do we elongate Palmitate (16 Chain Fatty Acid)

A

The brain used C18-24

42
Q

How many carbons is Palmitate lengthened by

A

2

43
Q

What does the SER Pathway use as a carbon donor

A

Malonyl-CoA; giving off CO2

44
Q

What does the Mitochondrial Pathway use as a carbon donor

A

Acetyl CoA

45
Q

Which two paths do we use to elongate Palmitate (16C)

A

The SER Pathway or the Mitochondrial Pathway

46
Q

Where do we introduce double to Fatty Acids

A

Occur in the SER and it uses NADPH and Oxygen

47
Q

What catalyzes the reaction of a saturated fatty acid to an unsaturated fatty acid

A

Acyl-CoA Desaturases

48
Q

At which point can humans no longer make double bonds on a Fatty Acid

A

On the alpha side; spot 9

49
Q

Where do we get omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids?

A

Diet

50
Q

Can we synthesize omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids

A

No; they are past the alpha 9 carbon

51
Q

What negatively regulates desaturases

A

PUFA’s

52
Q

What positively regulates desaturates

A

Insulin

53
Q

What does Dietary Cholesterol induce

A

Expression of desaturation point at the 9 Carbon on the alpha side; surpasses all others

54
Q

What are the essential fatty Acids

A 
Linoeic Acid (omega-6)
Linolenic Acid (omega-3)
55
Q

Good source of Omega-3

A

Fish

56
Q

Good source of Omega-6

A

Red Meat

57
Q

What is Linoleic Acid used for

A

To make Arichidonic Acid

58
Q

What does Arichidonic Acid do

A

Precurosr for eicosanoids

59
Q

What is Linolenic Acid used for

A

To make Eicosapentanoic Acid and Docosahexanoic Acid

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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