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MCM - Lipid Anabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Functions of Lipids (4)

A
  1. Fuel Stores; Triacyl Glyverols
  2. Structural Components; plasma membranes
  3. Signaling Molecules; Prostaglandins
  4. “Other;” Provide insulation, generate heat, fat digestion
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2
Q

What is the most efficient way to store energy

A

Triacylglycerols

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3
Q

Why are Triacylgrlycerols able to pack tighter

A

Saturation and tight packing with hydrophobic interations

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4
Q

What is the major Carbon source for Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

In which organ does Fatty Acid Synthesis mainly Occur

A

The Liver

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6
Q

Where does Fatty Acid Synthesis Occur other than the liver

A

adipose tissue, the brain, kidneys, lactating mammary glands

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7
Q

What are the two precursors for Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA

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8
Q

What are the three phases of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A
  1. Cytosolic Entry of Acetyl-CoA
  2. Generation of Malonyl-CoA
  3. Fatty Acid Formation
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9
Q

First Step of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA and Oxaloacetate Condensation Reaction to form Citrate

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10
Q

Where does the Citrate that is formed go

A

Citrate is shuttled out of the Mitochondria into the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What happens to the citrate once in the cytoplasm

A

ATP Citrate Lyase takes citrate to Oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA

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12
Q

What inhibits ATP Citrate Lyase

A

PUFA and Leptin

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13
Q

What Activates ATP Citrate Lyase

A

Glucose and Insulin and Phosphorylation

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14
Q

Where does the Oxaloacetate go once separated from Citrate

A

Malate goes back into the mitochondrial matrix or gets turned into Pyruvate by Malic Enzyme

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15
Q

What is the Second Step of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Making Malonyl-CoA

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16
Q

How do you make Malonyl-CoA

A

Acetyl-CoA to Malonyl-CoA via Acetyl CoA Carboxylase with ATP; the rate limiting step

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17
Q

What inhibits Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

A

Glucagon, Epinephrine, High [AMP], Palmitate, PUFA

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18
Q

What activates Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

A

Citrate and Insulin

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19
Q

How does Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase add a carbon onto Acetyl-CoA

A

CO2 is used

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20
Q

What is the Inactive Form of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

A

Dimeric

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21
Q

What is the Active form Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

A

Polymeric

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22
Q

Malonyl-CoA Uses (3)

A
  1. Substrate for Fatty Acid Synthesis
  2. Inhibits Carnitine Acyltransferase; the rate limiting step in Beta-Oxidation
  3. Prevents FA Synthesis and Degradation from occurring simultaneously
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23
Q

What is the Third Phase of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Chain Formation

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24
Q

What is the enzyme that is used to grow the Fatty Acid Chain

A

Fatty Acid Synthase; the rate limiting step of Phase 3

25
What is the makeup of Fatty Acid Synthase
7 enzyme activities and an acyl carrier protein; kind of like an arm
26
How is the Fatty Acid Chain grown; first step
Starts with Acetyl-CoA on the cysteine side and Malonyl-CoA on the pantothenic side; they go through a condensation reaction and make a 4 carbon chain
27
How is the Fatty Acid Chain grown; second step
The 4 Carbon group is Reduced
28
How is the Fatty Acid Chain Grown; Third Step
The 4 Carbon group is Dehydrated
29
How is the Fatty Acid Chain Grown, Fourth Step
The 4 Carbon Group is Reduced
30
How is the Fatty Acid Chain Grown, Cyclic Step
Malonyl-CoA is added to the pantothenic side and steps through 1-4 are repeated (6-7 times depending on size fo FA)
31
What are the 3 regulation points of Fatty Acid Synthesis
1. ATP Citrate Lyase; Phase 1 2. ACC (Acetyl CoA Carboxylase); Phase 2 3. Fatty Acid Synthase; Phase 3
32
What is the rate limiting Step of Fatty Acid Synthesis
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
33
Allosteric Regulation of A.C.C.
Citrate; positive | Long chain fatty acids (palmitate); negative
34
Phosphorylation or Dephosphorylation Regulation of A.C.C.
Insulin; Deposph | Epinephrine, Glucagon, AMP; Phosph
35
When is gene expression induced in A.C.C.
high carb/low fat diet
36
What Allosteric Regulators effect Fatty Acid Synthase
Presence of Phosphorylated sugars; increasing activity
37
When is Fatty Acid Synthase Induced or Repressed
Insulin and Glucocoritcoid hormones; increase High Carb/Low Fat; increase High Fat Diets; lowers High PUFA; lowers
38
What does PUFA Stand for
Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids
39
What is Leptin Use
Regulate body weight: Inhibit food intake Stimulate energy expenditure
40
Where is Palmitate (16 Chain Fatty Acid) Elongated
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum or the Mitochondria
41
Why do we elongate Palmitate (16 Chain Fatty Acid)
The brain used C18-24
42
How many carbons is Palmitate lengthened by
2
43
What does the SER Pathway use as a carbon donor
Malonyl-CoA; giving off CO2
44
What does the Mitochondrial Pathway use as a carbon donor
Acetyl CoA
45
Which two paths do we use to elongate Palmitate (16C)
The SER Pathway or the Mitochondrial Pathway
46
Where do we introduce double to Fatty Acids
Occur in the SER and it uses NADPH and Oxygen
47
What catalyzes the reaction of a saturated fatty acid to an unsaturated fatty acid
Acyl-CoA Desaturases
48
At which point can humans no longer make double bonds on a Fatty Acid
On the alpha side; spot 9
49
Where do we get omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids?
Diet
50
Can we synthesize omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids
No; they are past the alpha 9 carbon
51
What negatively regulates desaturases
PUFA's
52
What positively regulates desaturates
Insulin
53
What does Dietary Cholesterol induce
Expression of desaturation point at the 9 Carbon on the alpha side; surpasses all others
54
What are the essential fatty Acids
``` Linoeic Acid (omega-6) Linolenic Acid (omega-3) ```
55
Good source of Omega-3
Fish
56
Good source of Omega-6
Red Meat
57
What is Linoleic Acid used for
To make Arichidonic Acid
58
What does Arichidonic Acid do
Precurosr for eicosanoids
59
What is Linolenic Acid used for
To make Eicosapentanoic Acid and Docosahexanoic Acid

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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