MCM- Cellular Transport Flashcards
1
Q
The goal of this is to sustain life and capture/harness energy
A
Metabolism
2
Q
(+) Delta G is what type of reaction
A
Endergonic Reaction
3
Q
(-) Delta G is what type of reaction
A
Exergonic Reaction
4
Q
K(eq) = 1
A
Equilibrium
5
Q
K(eq) > 1
A
Spontaneous; Exergonic
6
Q
K(eq) < 1
A
Not Spontaneous, Endergonic
7
Q
What is the most important reaction to sustain life
A
Acid/Base
8
Q
Bi-Carbonate Ion
A
Increases pH
9
Q
Acetic Acid Buffer
A
Decreases pH
10
Q
Kidney Regulation of Blood pH; High
A
Decreases removal of H+; Decrease absorption of HCO3-
11
Q
Kidney Regulation of Blood pH; Low
A
Increase removal of H+; Increase absorption of HCO3-
12
Q
Normal Blood pH
A
7.00 +/- 0.03 (7.37-7.43)
13
Q
Respiratory Acidosis
A
Not breathing enough, retain CO2; increasing H+ in the blood
14
Q
Hypoventilation effect on blood pH
A
Respiratory Acidosis
15
Q
Metabolic Acidosis
A
Addition of strong Acid; loss of HCO3-
16
Q
Respiratory Alkalosis
A
Breathing too much, lose too much CO2, decrease H+ in the blood
17
Q
Hyperventilation effect on blood pH
A
Respiratory Alkalosis
18
Q
Metabolic Alkalosis
A
Too many Tums or strong bases added
19
Q
Enzymes effect on a Rxn
A
Lower Ea (Activation Energy)
20
Q
3 Parts that determine a reaction
A
Delta G, Ea (Activation Energy), Transition State
21
Q
6 Classes of Reaction
A
Oxidoreductase, Transferase, Isomerase, Lyases, Ligases, and Hydrolases
22
Q
Oxidoreductase
A
Transfer e- from donor to acceptor
23
Q
Transferase
A
Transfer functional group between molecules
24
Q
Isomerase
A
Transfer functional group internally
25
Lyases (Synthase)
Add or remove atoms to/or from double bonds
26
Ligases (Synthetase)
Form bonds w/ hydrolysis of ATP
27
Hydrolase
Cleave bonds w/ addition of H20
28
Fit Perfectly into the Active Site
Lock and Key
29
Binds and produces a confirmation change on the active site
Induced Fit
30
Co-Factors
Metal ions, non-covalent interactions, stabilize
31
Co-Enzymes
Small Organic Molecules
32
Copper Co-Factor
Cytochrome C Oxidase
33
Cytochrome C Oxidase
Accepts e- form cytochrome-c in the e- transport chain
34
Iron Co-Factor
Heme Proteins (Hemo- and myo- globin)
35
Magnesium Co-Factor
ATPases
36
ATPases
Hydrolyze ATP to ADP and use released energy for mechanical work
37
Selenium Co-Factor
Glutathione Peroxidase
38
Glutathione Peroxidase
anti-oxidant, detoxifies hydrogen peroxide
39
Zinc Co-Factor
Superoxide Dismutase
40
Superoxide Dismutase
anti-oxidant, Binds free radical of molecular oxygen
41
Co-Enzyme Types
Prosthetic group or Co-Substrate
42
Prosthetic Group
Permanent Association; Ex. FAD, FMN, Heme
43
Co-Suubstrate
Temporary Association (Bind and Release); Ex. NAD+
44
Covalent Modifactions of Enzymess (2)
Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
45
Enzyme Kinetic Dependents
Substrate Concentration, Km-\> Affinity to bind substrate, and Vmax-\> max speed at which reaction can occur
46
Enzyme Inhibitors (3)
Non-Competitive
Competitive
Uncompetitive
47
Competitive Inhibition
Can be overcome with increase in [S]
No effect on Vmax
Affinity to bind substrate decrease, so Km Increases
48
Non-Competitive Inhibition
Lowers Vmax because increasing [S] doesnt help
Binds both E and E+S
Km unchanged because it does not bind at active site
49
Uncompetitive
Km and Vmax go down at same factor
Binds E+S only
50
Inactivation
Irreversible loss of function of the enzyme; destruction of key functional groups
Decrease Vmax, Km is unchanged
Vmax goes down because adding [S] does not help
Only overcome by making new enzymes
51
Chelating co-factors
Inhibits the enzyme
52
What is EDTA used for
Chelating out Lead in lead poisoning. EDTA-Ca is introduced and Lead (Pb) binds the EDTA which then is excreted harmlessly through the urine
53
Allosteric Modification
Non-covalent modification; not on the active site
Induces confirmational change in the enzyme
can be positive or negative
54
Isozymes
Same function; different properties depending on the location of the enzyme (i.e. heart, brain, etc.)
55
What marker is released for an MI
Troponin, cTn-1, the specific troponin for cardiac myocytes
56
Max sensitivity of Troponin after MI
10-24 Hours after onset
57
Why are Pro-Enzymes made in an inactive state
So they do not damage the area in which they are made
Mainly digestive enzymes
58
3 Groups of Membrane Lipids
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
59
2 Groups of Phospolipids
Glycerophospholipids
and
Sphingolipids
60
Glycerophospholipid Make Up
Glycerol backbone, w/ phosphate and 2 fatty acids
61
Sphinogolipid Make Up
Sphingosine backbone, long fatty acid chain, and phosphorylcholine
62
Glycolipds Make Up
Sphingosine with Carbohydrate residue
63
Where are glycolipids found
Outter leaflet of Lipid Bi-Layer
64
Cholesterol Make-up
Steroid nucleus with hydroxyl group and hydrocarbon chain
65
Cholesterol Location in Lipid Bi-Layer
Embedded in the lipid bi-layer
66
Phosphatidylserine Importance with Apoptosis
When Apoptosis is triggered, Phosphatidylserine is put outside the plasme membrane, phagocytes or macrophage recognize this and destroy the cell
67
Niemann-Pick Disease Cause
Deficiency of Acid Sphingomyelinase
68
Niemann-Pick Disease Presentation
Hallmark is the cherry red spot in the eye, enlargement of the liver and spleen, along with neuro damage
69
Deficiency of Acid Sphingomyelinase
Niemann-Pick Disease
70
Acid Sphinogomylenase Job
Break down sphingo myelin in the lysosome
71
3 Types of Membrane Proteins
Integral
Peripheral
Lipid
72
Integral Membrane Protein location
Weave in and out of the bi-layer
73
Integral Membrane Protein Job
Act as:
transporters
Ion Channels
Receptors
74
Peripheral Membrane Proteins Location
Loosely bound to the membrane, can be removed
75
Lipid-Anchored Membrane Protein Location
Tethered to membrane via covalent bond
76
Glycocalyx Functions (3)
1. Protection
2. Adhesion
3. Identification
77
Blood Types
O
A
B
AB
78
Antigens on the O-Blood Type
H-Antigen; Universal Donor
79
Antigen on the A-Blood Type
Antigen A
80
Antigen on the B-Blood type
Antigen B
81
Antigen on the AB-Blood Type
Antigen A
Antigen B
82
Anti-Bodies on O-Blood Type
Anti-Bodies:
A & B
83
Anti-Bodies on the A-blood type
Antibodies:
B
84
Anti-bodies on the B-Blood Type
Antibodies
A
85
Anti-bodies on the AB- Blood type
Antibodies
None
Universal Accepter
86
When the Mom and Unborn Child's Rh factor are different
Erthythroblastosis
87
Erythroblastosis
When the mom and unborn child's Rh factor dont match
88
When is Erythroblastosis fatal
When the second child is conceived with different Rh
No Anti-bodies the first time
89
3 Factors that affect Membrane Fluidity
Temperature
Saturation of Fatty Acids
Cholesterol
90
What Causes Spur Cell Anemia
Too much cholesterol in RBC's
The RBC's become rigid and lyse in the cappilaries of the spleen
91
When there is too much cholesterol in the RBC's and they lyse in the capillaries of the Spleen
Spur Cell Anemia
92
Types of Transport within the Cell
Passive
and
Active
93
Two Types of Active Transport
Primary
and Secondary
94
Primary Active Transport
vs.
Secondary Active Transport
Primary Active uses ATP directly to move a molecule against its ion gradient
Secondary Active uses the gradient that the Primary Active transport setup to move something against its gradient
95
What type of transport is the Na+/K+ ATPase
Active Primary Transport
96
What Type of Transport is the Na+/Ca2+ Exchange
Secondary Active Transport
97
Examples of Passive Simple Diffusion
H20, O2, Ethanol
98
Examples of Passive Facilitated Diffusion
Voltage Gated Na+ channel
Glucose Transporter
99
What does Invokana Inhibit
Blocks the re-uptake of glucose; excreting more in the urine
100
Autosomal Recessive Mutation which causes thickened mucos
Cystic Fibrosis
101
Which mutation in Cystic Fibrosis causes the symptoms
The CFTR gene; a chlorine channel
102
How does the defective Chlorine channel in Cystic Fibrosis lead to the symptoms
More negative charge in cell, bring in Na+ to offset the charge, salinity increases, water is brought in to offset salinity, outside of cell is dry. This happens in airway epithileal cells -\> thickened mucous
103
What Causes Cystinuria
Defect in transport for uptake of cystine and other dibasic amino acids
104
What disease occurs when there is a defect in the transporter of cystine and other dibasic amino acids
Cystinuria
105
What does Cystinuria result in
Formation of crystals or stones in the kidneys
106
How does Cystinuria Present
With renal cholic
107
What kind of genetic defect is present in Hartnup Disease
Autosomal recessive,
108
What is defective in Hartnup Disease
Transporter for non-polar/neutral Amino Acids.
## Footnote
**Most importantly Tryptophan**
109
What autosomal recessive disease occurs when there is a defect in the transporter for neutral/non-polar amino acids?
Hartnup Disease
110
Hartnup Disease A.K.A.
Pellagra
111
Hartnup Disease Presents with
Cerebellar ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, photodermatitis, and photosensitivity
112
Name Two Cardiotonic Drugs
Digoxin and Ouabain
113
What are Glycosidic Cardiac Drugs
Ouabain and Digoxin
114
What do Digoxin and Ouabain inhibit
Na+/K+ ATPase in the cardiac myocyte
115
What is the primary target of Ouabain and Digoxin
Na+/K+ ATPase
116
What is the clinical target of Digoxin and Ouabain
The Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger
117
Effect of inhibition on the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger on cardiac myocytes
Increased Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm, resulting in stronger cardiac contractions
118
Calories in 1 gram of Protein
4
119
Calories in 1 gram of Carbohydrate
4
120
Calories in 1 gram of Ethanol
7
121
Calories in 1 gram of fat
9
122
Which is more abundant in Western Diet
Omega-3 or Omega-6
Omega-6
123
Essential Amino Acids
Phenylalanie
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
124
Non-Essential Amino Acids
Alanine
Asparagine
Aspartic Acid
Cysteine
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine
125
Total Energy Expenditure
Thermic Effect of Food
Phsyical Activity
Non-exercise induced thermogenesis (twitchiness)
126
Where are most nutrients absorbed?
The Duodenum
127
Where are B12 and Fat absorbed
Distal Ileum
128
What deficiences are common in Distal Ileum Resections
B12 and Fat Soluble Vitamins (D,E,A,K)
129
What disease's trade marked with excess fat in stool
Steatorrhea
130
Steatorrhea symptoms
excess fat in stool
fat malabsorption
131
Auto-immune disease of the bowel which causes chronic infalammation
Chron's Disease
132
Chron's Disease Treatment
Distal Ileum Resection
133
What deficiency causes macrocytic megablastic Anemia
B9 and B12
134
Rickets
Vitamin-D Deficiency
135
136
137
138
139
140
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