MCM exam I Flashcards
Nucleotides are made of
sugar, one or more phosphate groups and nitrogenous base
Nucleosides are made of
sugar and nitrogenous base
DNA is made of
deoxyribose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
Purines
Guanine and Adenine, double ring structure
Pyridmines
Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil single ring structure
DNA structure is
double helix with antiparallel strands that have complimentary base pairing running in opposite directions
5’ to 3’
3’ to 5’
Phosphate group is located on which end
5’ end
Sugar is located on which end
3’ end
How many H bonds do G and C have
3 H bonds
How many H bonds do A and T have
2 H bonds
Nucleotides are joined by what type of bond
phosphodiester linkage between 5’ and 3’ carbon atoms
DNA replication is said to be
semi-conservative
central dogma of molecular biology is
DNA synthesis followed by transcription and then translation to amino acids, phenotype of an organism is determined by how the DNA is processed
What is a gene
a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein or even RNA molecule as their final product
What are the three major divisions of the living world as grouped by the similarity of DNA sequence
Bacteria (eubacteria), Archaea (archbacteria), and Eukaryotes
RNA is made of
ribose, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
mRNA is
RNA that is carries genetic code for proteins
rRNA is
RNA components that serve as structural/functional components of the ribosome
tRNA is
RNA that helps incorporate amino acids into the polypeptide chain
snRNA is
RNA that process pre-mRNA
miRNA is
RNA that inhibits translation of mRNA
siRNA is
RNA that triggers degradation of other RNA molecules
nitrogenous base is attached to the C1 carbon via what type of bond
N-glycosidic bond
Nucleotides function
- structure of DNA/RNA
- carry chemical energy
- create coenzymes with other groups
- used as specific signaling molecules in the cell
What are the 3 parts that make an amino acid
Amino group (NH) Carboxylic acid group (CO=OH) R group (variable)
Amino acids are formed with what bond
peptide bond
Amino acids have intrinsic polarity because they have
an N terminus which will have partial positive charge and a C terminus which will have partial negative charge
primary structure of protein is determined by
amino acid sequence
Secondary structure of proteins is determined by
steric hindrance around peptide bond and noncovalent bonds between neighboring peptide bonds
Two commonly found secondary structures include
alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
Tertiary structure of proteins is determined by
large amounts of weak noncovalent interactions between peptide back bond and variable R groups
Nonpolar amino acids cluster to
interior of molecule
Polar amino acids cluster to
exterior of molecule
protein structure decreases
overall free energy of the structure
secondary structure that has Hydrogen bonding between N-H and the C=O in neighboring peptide bonds located 4 peptide bonds away in the same chain
alpha helix
Secondary structure that has adjacent peptide chains running in opposite directions with hydrogen bonding between peptide bonds in different strands holding individual polypeptide chains together
beta sheet
Protein functions include
metabolic pathways, cell to cell signaling, membrane transport
What are the 4 macromolecules found within cells
Nucleic acids, Proteins, Polysaccharides and fats
What is the monomer of polysaccharides
sugars
what is the monomer of fats
fatty acids
Fatty acids are made of
a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
Large spherical fat droplets in the cell cytoplasm are
triglycerides
Self- sealing lipid bilayers are the basis for all cell membranes and are made of
phospholipids and glycolipids
