MCHN MIDTERM TOPIC

Question 1

Alteration in circulation of blood that occurs during fetal development

Answer 1

Congenital disorder

Question 2

where there is no mixing of unoxygenated and oxygenated blood

Answer 2

acrocyanotically

Question 3

where unoxygenated blood mixes with oxygenated blood wheter cyanosis occurs or not

Answer 3

cyanotically

Question 4

Small or moderate openings may be asymptomatic

Answer 4

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Question 5

• Loud harsh murmur best heard left sternal border radiating throughout precordium
• Right ventricular hyperthrophy
• Cardiac enlargement

Answer 5

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Question 6

Abnormal opening between right and left ventricles

Answer 6

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Question 7

Left to right shunting due to incomplete closure of septum; pulmonary vascular resistance

Answer 7

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Question 8

Machinery-like murmur best heard upper-left sternal border during systole and most diastole

Answer 8

Patent Ductus Arteriousus (PDA)

Question 9

• Widened pulse pressure
• History fatigue, weak cry, breathlessness, feeding difficulties
• Increased number respiratory infections

Answer 9

Patent Ductus Arteriousus (PDA)

Question 10

• Communication between pulmonary artery and aorta due to failure of ductus arteriousus to close after birth
• Left to right shunting; increased pulmonary vascular resistance

Answer 10

Patent Ductus Arteriousus (PDA)

Question 11

• Episodes of sudden epistaxis
• Full, bounding pulses upper extremities
• Headaches
• Leg fatigue

Answer 11

Coarctation of the Aorta (CA)

Question 12

Elevated pressure proximal to narrowed portion of lumen of aorta

Answer 12

Coarctation of the Aorta (CA)

Question 13

• Weak or absent pulses in lower extremities
• Systolic murmurs
• Narrowing of aortic lumen

Answer 13

Coarctation of the Aorta (CA)

Question 14

Left ventricle must generate higher than normal pressure to eject adequate stroke volume; reduces systolic pressure distal to coarctation

Answer 14

Coarctation of the Aorta (CA)

Question 15

Systolic murmur best heard over second left intercostal space

Answer 15

Pulmonic Stenosis (PS)

Question 16

Split S2 (a finding upon auscultation of the S2 heart sound, caused when the closure of the aortic valve and the closure of the pulmonary valve are not synchronized during inspiration

Answer 16

Pulmonic Stenosis (PS)

Question 17

• Dyspnea if severe
• Fatigue if severe

Answer 17

Pulmonic Stenosis (PS)

Question 18

Obstruction of flow from right ventricles to lungs

Answer 18

Pulmonic Stenosis (PS)

Question 19

Increased right side of heart; right sided hypertrophy

Answer 19

Pulmonic Stenosis (PS)

Question 20

Systolic murmur throughout precordium

Answer 20

Aortic Stenosis (AS)

Question 21

• Fatigue / exercise intolerance
• Epigastric / anginal pain

Answer 21

Aortic Stenosis (AS)

Question 22

Obstructing flow from left ventricle to aorta

Answer 22

Aortic Stenosis (AS)

Question 23

Resistance to blood flow in left ventricle; left sided hypertrophy; increased oxygen demands; pulmonary vascular congestion

Answer 23

Aortic Stenosis (AS)

Question 24

Arterial pulses full and bounding

Answer 24

Transposition of Great Vessels (TGV)

Question 25

Murmur present only if VSD/PDA present

Answer 25

Transposition of Great Vessels (TGV)

Question 26

Reversal of anatomic positions of aorta and pulmonary artery; aorta originates from right ventricle to pulmonary artery from left ventricle

Answer 26

Transposition of Great Vessels (TGV)

Question 27

Incompatible with extrauterine life; venous blood enters right atrium to right ventricle to aorta and systemic circulation without oxygenation; oxygenated blood enters left atrium and returns to right atrium without supplying oxygen to blood

Answer 27

Transposition of Great Vessels (TGV)

Question 28

Cyanosis appears during the first year of life

Answer 28

Tetralogy of Fallot (TF)

Question 29

Clubbing of fingers in older infants

Answer 29

Tetralogy of Fallot (TF)

Question 30

- Clubbing of fingers in older infants - Hypoxic spells - Squatting position following any form of exercise - Small for age

Answer 30

Tetralogy of Fallot (TF)

Question 31

Harsh systolic murmur best heard at middle to upper left sternal border

Answer 31

Tetralogy of Fallot (TF)

Question 32

What are the four anomalies present?

Answer 32

▪ Pulmonic Stenosis ▪ VSD ▪ Aorta overriding VSD ▪ Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

Question 33

Right to left shunting impending flow to lungs; right sided hyperthrophy, unoxygenated blood to systemic circulation to VSD overriding aorta

Answer 33

Tetralogy of Fallot (TF)

Question 34

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an acute autoimmune disease that occurs as sequelae group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection

Answer 34

ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER

Question 35

It is characterized by inflammation lesion of connective tissue and endothelial tissue, primarily affecting the joints and heart

Answer 35

ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER

Question 36

manifested by systolic and diastolic murmur, prolonged PR and QT interval on ECG and possibly by signs of CHF

Answer 36

Carditis

Question 37

Pain and limited movements of two or more joints are swollen, red, warm and tender

Answer 37

Polyarthritis

Question 38

sudden involuntary movements or purposeless, involuntary, rapid movements

Answer 38

Chorea

Question 39

nonpruritic pink, macular rask mostly or the trunk with pale central areas;

Answer 39

Erythema marginatum

Question 40

firm, painless nodules over scalp, extensor surface of joints, such as wrists, elbows, knees, and vertebral column

Answer 40

Subcutaneous nodules

Question 41

pain in one or more joints without evidence of inflammation, tenderness, or limited movements

Answer 41

Arthralgia

Question 42

usually used to control pain and inflammation of arthritis

Answer 42

Oral salicylates (aspirin) and NSAID (naproxen sodium)

Question 43

used in severe cases to try to control cardiac inflammation

Answer 43

Corticosteroid

Question 44

to control chorea

Answer 44

Phenobarbital, diazepam (valium), or other neurologic agent

Question 45

occurs when cardiac output cannot meet the metabolic demands of the body

Answer 45

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

Question 46

It is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient amount of blood

Answer 46

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE