MCAT Quilt Flashcards
Resolution
differentiate close objects
magnification
increase size
eyepiece magnification
10X
objective magnification
4X, 10X, 20X, 100X
Cell theory
- all living things composed of cells
- Cell=basic functional unit of life
- Cells from other cells only
- Cells have DNA (Parent-> daughter cells)
Total magnification
eyepiece X objective
Diaphragm
controls light, image contrast
Hematoxylin
commonly used dye, shows nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
How does the dye hematoxylin show nucleic acids?
binds to the negative sugar-phosphate backbone
Phase contrast microscope
living organisms, differences in refractive indices among different sub cellular structures.
Electron microscope
atomic level, samples must be sliced thinly and impregnated with heavy metals for contrasts.
prokaryotes
before nucleic (no nuclei)
eukaryotes
after nuclei
types of prokaryotes
bacteria and blue-green algae
prokaryote characteristics
- unicellular
- no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
- cell wall in all
- ability to carry other pieces of DNA
What type of genetic material is present within prokaryotes?
- single circle molecule of DNA
- within nucleic region
plasmids
circular DNA, small, few genes, replicate independently
cocci
spherical bacteria
bacilli
rod-shaped bacteria
How do antibacterials work?
tend to attack bacterial specific structures
Eukaryote characteristics
- protists, fungi, plants, and animals
- cell walls in fungi and plants
- nucleus
- unicellular or multicellular
cytoskeleton proteins
- actin filaments
- intermediate filaments
- microtubules
Smallest cytoskeleton proteins
actin filaments
largest cytoskeleton proteins
microtubules
phospholipid bilayer
- hydrophobic non polar tail
- hydrophilic polar head
- cholesterol molecules
purpose of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer
regular fluidity
transport proteins
- control entry/exit
- polar molecules and ions allowed through
cell adhesion molecule purpose
- CAMs
- allow cells to recognize each other
- proper cell differentiation and development
nucleus membrane
- double membrane
- nuclear membrane/envelope
Purpose of nucleolus
ribosomal RNA synthesized (rRNA)
Ribosomes
protein production, free and bound types
Endoplasmic Reticulum
production and sorting of materials from cell.
Smooth ER purpose
lipid synthesis and detox drugs/poisons
Rough ER Purpose
protein production
Golgi structure
membrane bound sacs
Golgi purpose
- receives from smooth ER
- repackages to cell surface via secretory vesicles
Lysosomes
“garbage dumps”
receives from endoscopes
uses hydrolytic enzymes at lowered pH
breaks down materials
remove old cell components and replace
can cause autolysis
autolysis
cell suicide
mitochondria
powerhouse
- 2 layers
- semi-autonomous
- inherited only from the mother
2 layers of mitochondria
outer walls and inner-electron transport chain
What is the purpose of Cristae on mitochondria?
increase surface area
semi-autonmous
own genes and replicate independently
types of micro bodies
peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
peroxisomes
create hydrogen peroxide, break down fats, catalyze detox
glyoxysomes
- germinating plants
- convert fats to sugars
chloroplast
in plants and algae
powerhouse
contain chlorophyll
generation of energy
own DNA
Plant cell wall composition
cellulose
Fungi cell wall composition
chitin
animal cell wall composition
no cell wall!
centrioles
- specialized microtubules
- spindle formation
- no membrane
- in animals not in plants
microfilaments
- rods of actin
- muscular contraction with interaction with myosin
- movement of materials within cell membrane
microtubules
- hollow
- polymers of tubulin
- throughout cell
- transport and structural support
- structural basis for cilia and flagella
intermediate filaments
integrity of cytoskeleton
osmosis
- water movement
- low solute to high solute
hypotonic solution
- solute inside of cell greater than surrounding
- causes cell to swell
Hypertonic solution
- solute inside of cell less than surrounding
What types of materials are impermeable to membrane?
- large, polar, charged
pinocytosis
endocytosis of fluids and small particles
phagocytosis
ingestion of large molecules
molecules through simple diffusion
small, non polar
Ex. O2, CO2
Molecules through facilitated diffusion?
large, non polar, e.g, glucose