MCAT Quilt

Question 1

Resolution

Answer 1

differentiate close objects

Question 2

magnification

Answer 2

increase size

Question 3

eyepiece magnification

Answer 3

10X

Question 4

objective magnification

Answer 4

4X, 10X, 20X, 100X

Question 5

Cell theory

Answer 5

• all living things composed of cells
• Cell=basic functional unit of life
• Cells from other cells only
• Cells have DNA (Parent-> daughter cells)

Question 6

Total magnification

Answer 6

eyepiece X objective

Question 7

Diaphragm

Answer 7

controls light, image contrast

Question 8

Hematoxylin

Answer 8

commonly used dye, shows nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

Question 9

How does the dye hematoxylin show nucleic acids?

Answer 9

binds to the negative sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 10

Phase contrast microscope

Answer 10

living organisms, differences in refractive indices among different sub cellular structures.

Question 11

Electron microscope

Answer 11

atomic level, samples must be sliced thinly and impregnated with heavy metals for contrasts.

Question 12

prokaryotes

Answer 12

before nucleic (no nuclei)

Question 13

eukaryotes

Answer 13

after nuclei

Question 14

types of prokaryotes

Answer 14

bacteria and blue-green algae

Question 15

prokaryote characteristics

Answer 15

• unicellular
• no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
• cell wall in all
• ability to carry other pieces of DNA

Question 16

What type of genetic material is present within prokaryotes?

Answer 16

• single circle molecule of DNA
• within nucleic region

Question 17

plasmids

Answer 17

circular DNA, small, few genes, replicate independently

Question 18

cocci

Answer 18

spherical bacteria

Question 19

bacilli

Answer 19

rod-shaped bacteria

Question 20

How do antibacterials work?

Answer 20

tend to attack bacterial specific structures

Question 21

Eukaryote characteristics

Answer 21

• protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• cell walls in fungi and plants
• nucleus
• unicellular or multicellular

Question 22

cytoskeleton proteins

Answer 22

• actin filaments
• intermediate filaments
• microtubules

Question 23

Smallest cytoskeleton proteins

Answer 23

actin filaments

Question 24

largest cytoskeleton proteins

Answer 24

microtubules

Question 25

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 25

• hydrophobic non polar tail
• hydrophilic polar head
• cholesterol molecules

Question 26

purpose of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer

Answer 26

regular fluidity

Question 27

transport proteins

Answer 27

• control entry/exit
• polar molecules and ions allowed through

Question 28

cell adhesion molecule purpose

Answer 28

• CAMs
• allow cells to recognize each other
• proper cell differentiation and development

Question 29

nucleus membrane

Answer 29

• double membrane
• nuclear membrane/envelope

Question 30

Purpose of nucleolus

Answer 30

ribosomal RNA synthesized (rRNA)

Question 31

Ribosomes

Answer 31

protein production, free and bound types

Question 32

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 32

production and sorting of materials from cell.

Question 33

Smooth ER purpose

Answer 33

lipid synthesis and detox drugs/poisons

Question 34

Rough ER Purpose

Answer 34

protein production

Question 35

Golgi structure

Answer 35

membrane bound sacs

Question 36

Golgi purpose

Answer 36

• receives from smooth ER
• repackages to cell surface via secretory vesicles

Question 37

Lysosomes

Answer 37

“garbage dumps”
receives from endoscopes
uses hydrolytic enzymes at lowered pH
breaks down materials
remove old cell components and replace
can cause autolysis

Question 38

autolysis

Answer 38

cell suicide

Question 39

mitochondria

Answer 39

powerhouse
- 2 layers
- semi-autonomous
- inherited only from the mother

Question 40

2 layers of mitochondria

Answer 40

outer walls and inner-electron transport chain

Question 41

What is the purpose of Cristae on mitochondria?

Answer 41

increase surface area

Question 42

semi-autonmous

Answer 42

own genes and replicate independently

Question 43

types of micro bodies

Answer 43

peroxisomes and glyoxysomes

Question 44

peroxisomes

Answer 44

create hydrogen peroxide, break down fats, catalyze detox

Question 45

glyoxysomes

Answer 45

• germinating plants
• convert fats to sugars

Question 46

chloroplast

Answer 46

in plants and algae
powerhouse
contain chlorophyll
generation of energy
own DNA

Question 47

Plant cell wall composition

Answer 47

cellulose

Question 48

Fungi cell wall composition

Answer 48

chitin

Question 49

animal cell wall composition

Answer 49

no cell wall!

Question 50

centrioles

Answer 50

• specialized microtubules
• spindle formation
• no membrane
• in animals not in plants

Question 51

microfilaments

Answer 51

• rods of actin
• muscular contraction with interaction with myosin
• movement of materials within cell membrane

Question 52

microtubules

Answer 52

• hollow
• polymers of tubulin
• throughout cell
• transport and structural support
• structural basis for cilia and flagella

Question 53

intermediate filaments

Answer 53

integrity of cytoskeleton

Question 54

osmosis

Answer 54

• water movement
• low solute to high solute

Question 55

hypotonic solution

Answer 55

• solute inside of cell greater than surrounding
• causes cell to swell

Question 56

Hypertonic solution

Answer 56

• solute inside of cell less than surrounding

Question 57

What types of materials are impermeable to membrane?

Answer 57

• large, polar, charged

Question 58

pinocytosis

Answer 58

endocytosis of fluids and small particles

Question 59

phagocytosis

Answer 59

ingestion of large molecules

Question 60

molecules through simple diffusion

Answer 60

small, non polar
Ex. O2, CO2

Question 61

Molecules through facilitated diffusion?

Answer 61

large, non polar, e.g, glucose