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Anatomy > MCAST > Flashcards

MCAST Flashcards

1
Q

Define Organic

A

Compounds that make up atoms the are covalently bonded to elements, typically oxygen, hydrogen, and other carbon atoms

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2
Q

All living things are made up of 6 essential elements (SPONCH) what are these 6?

A

Sulfer, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen

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3
Q

Elements join together by chemical bonds to form compounds. Name the 3 types of chemical bonds.

A
  1. Hydrogen
  2. Covalent
  3. Ionic
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4
Q

What are the 4 major categories of organic molecules that are made up of the SPONCH elements?

A

Lipids, Carbs, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

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5
Q

What are the elements, structures, functions, and examples of lipids?

A

Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Structure: 3 fatty acid chains linked by a glycerol backbone
Function: building blocks of the cell membrane and energy storing molecules
Examples: serious like cholesterol & fats

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6
Q

What are the elements, structures, functions, and examples of carbs?

A

Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Structure: monosaccharides (glucose molecules) bonded together in long chains called ploysaccharides (starch)
Function: key source of energy
Examples: sugar and starch

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7
Q

What are the elements, structures, functions, and examples proteins?

A

Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Structure: amino acids are bonded in long chains that coil around each other into specific shapes called proteins
Function: some proteins are enzymes (speed up reactions) some are structural (hair, muscle, skin, tendons, ect) and some are antibodies (protect body from infection)
Examples: enzymes, collagen, antibodies

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8
Q

What are the elements, structures, functions, and examples of nucleic acids?

A

Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
Structure: long chain of nucleotides bonded together
Function: some nucleic acids are DNA (store hereditary information) and some are RNA (aid in building proteins )
Examples: DNA, RNA

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9
Q

Define chemical reaction:

A

The process during which chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed, producing one or more different substances

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10
Q

What is an example of a chemical reaction and label the reactants and products

A

NaCl (Reactants) –> (Na+) + (Cl-) (Products)

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11
Q

Define activation energy

A

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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12
Q

Define enzyme

A

Proteins that increase the speed of a chemical reaction

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13
Q

How does an enzyme affect the activation energy for a chemical reaction?

A

Enzymes are catalysts; they reduce the activation energy needed for chemical reaction to take place

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14
Q

Any factors that affect the shape of an enzyme affect the enzymes’s activity. What effect does pH and temperature have on an enzymes ability to catalyze (speed up) a reaction?

A

Enzymes work well within very specific ranges of pH and temperature. If the pH or temperature changes to outside of the range, the enzyme shape changes and thus no longer works to speed up the reaction.

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15
Q

Function of Plasma Membrane

A

Encloses the cell and separates cytoplasm from its surroundings: selective permeability.

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16
Q

Function of Nuclear envelope

A

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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17
Q

Function of Nucleus

A

is the control center of the cell; stores DNA and makes mRNA

18
Q

Function of Nucleolus

A

located inside the nucleus, mRNA are made here

19
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

interior part of the cell

made up of fluid that cushions the organelles

20
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

provides energy to the cell

21
Q

Function of Endoplasmic reticulum

A

processes and modifies proteins that were made in the nucleolus

22
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A

packages proteins into vesicles for export throughout the cell

23
Q

Function of Lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes to clean up cell

24
Q

Function of Ribosome

A

Aid in protein synthesis

25
Q

Function of Vacuole

A

Both animals and plants: helps digestion of materials

plants: store nutrients and keeps cell pressure

26
Q

Function of Cell Wall

A

Only in plants

supports and maintains shape, protests cell from damage, connects near by cells

27
Q

Function of Chloroplasts

A

only in plants

use light energy to make carbs (food) through photosynthesis

28
Q

Function of Cytoskeleton

A

Helps to maintain cell shape and aids in movement of materials in the cell

29
Q

Centriole

A

only in animals

helps the formation of the spindle to move chromosomes during mitosis

30
Q

difference between prokaryote and eukaryote.

A

Pro– have no true nucleus, no organelles, can reproduce asexually, and are very small

Euk– have a nucleus, organelles, asexual and sexual, fairly large

31
Q

What is the cell membrane called?

A

phospholipid bilayer

32
Q

What is diffusion?

A

a type of passive transport across membranes that do not require energy; particles move from areas of high to love concentrations

33
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water specifically

34
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

a type of passive transport that does not require added energy but uses carrier protein particles to move things from high to low concentration

35
Q

What are the six kingdoms of life?

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals

36
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6H20+ 6CO2 turns into (light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2

37
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6+6O2 turns into 6H2O+6CO2+ENERGY

38
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process that captures the sunlight energy in the chloroplast of a plant cell and converts the energy into glucose (the food of life)

39
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process that breaks down glucose for energy for the cells to use

40
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

A

Cellular respiration is the exact opposite of photosynthesis

Anatomy (5 decks)

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