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BS1040: Microbiology and Cell Biology > MC2: The eukaryotes > Flashcards

MC2: The eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two key differences between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?

A

Prokaryotes have a nuceloid and no organelles

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bounds organelles

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2
Q

How do unicellular eukaryotes reproduce?

A

Asexually by mitosis when in favourable conditions

Sexually by meiosis and syngamy under stressful conditions (e.g. nutrient limitations and DNA damage)

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3
Q

Who invented the first microscope? Why?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek whilst trying to look at the quality of thread

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4
Q

What discoveries did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek make? When?

A
  • 1674: protists (known as infusoria) in lakes
  • 1676: the vacuole of the cell
  • 1677: spermatozoa
  • 1682: the banded pattern of muscular fibres
  • 1683: bacteria such as Selenomonads from the human mouth
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5
Q

What were protista?

A

The ancestor of plants, fungi and animals

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6
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

A group containing a common ancestor and all of its descendents

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7
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group that contains its most recent common ancestor, but does not contain all the descendents of that ancestor

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8
Q

What is a polyphletic group?

A

A group that does not contain the most recent common ancester of all its members

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9
Q

What defines a protist?

A
  • “A eukaryotic microbe that is not an animal, plant, or (true) fungus”
  • Simple and primitive organisms
  • Unicellular
  • Motile and lack cell walls
  • Taxonomy still changing
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10
Q

What are the three major types of protist?

A
  1. Fungus-like slime/water moulds, e.g. slime mould
  2. Animal-like protozoa, e.g. amoeba
  3. Plant-like algae, e.g. Euglena
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11
Q

How do protists differ from:

  1. prokaryotes
  2. animals
  3. fungi?
A
  1. The cells have features of eukaryotes and cells are bigger
  2. They are always unicellular
  3. They are motile and lack cell walls
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12
Q

Where do all free-living protists live?

A

In water

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13
Q

What type of symmetry do protists display?

A

Asymmetry or radial/bilateral symmetry

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14
Q

What are the different types of protist locomotion?

A
  • Finger-like pseudopodia, e.g. amoeba
  • Whip-like flagella, e.g. Euglena
  • Hairy cilia (used to direct food into mouth), e.g. Paramoecium
  • By contraction
  • No motion
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15
Q

Define ‘holozoic’.

A

A form of nutrition where a whole particle is taken in via the vacuole

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16
Q

Define ‘mixotrophic’.

A

A form of nutrition where particles are taken in and photosynthesised

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17
Q

Define ‘parasitic’ in terms of nutrition

A

A form of nutrition involving feeding off the host organism

18
Q

Define ‘saprozoic’

A

A form of nutrition where protists live on decaying matter

19
Q

What are the four main types of nutrition of protists?

A
  1. Holozoic
  2. Mixotrophic
  3. Parasitic
  4. Saprozoic
20
Q

Is digestion in protists intra- or extracellular?

A

Intracellular, occuring in the food vacuole

21
Q

How do respiration and excretion take place in protists?

A

By the exchange of gases through the body surface

Some excretion occurs through contractile vacuole

22
Q

What is a protist’s nitrogenous waste and how is it excreted?

A

Ammonia, excreted through urea

23
Q

How do some fresh-water protozoa get rid of excess water?

A

Through contractile vacuoles

24
Q

What caused the Irish potato famine?

A

Phytophthora infestans came to Europe in the 1800s and caused the potato famine of 1845

It is an oomycete and is very flexible and adaptable, and finds ways to escape plant resistance

Researchers and plant-breeders are developing a resistance involving multiple genes to slow the spread of the fungus

25
Q

Why has Dictyostelium discoideum been studied lots?

A

It is a cellular slime mould that has been used as a model for studying intercellular communication and cooperation amongst microbes

It is used as a model to understand human muscle

26
Q

How many species of Plasmodium parasite cause malaria in humans? Name these species.

A

Five:

  1. P. falciparum
  2. P. vivax
  3. P. ovale
  4. P. malariae
  5. P. knowlesi
27
Q

How can free-living aquatic amoeba cause disease in humans?

A

They can either eat bacteria or other amoeba and can farm or house bacterial pathogens which cause disease

28
Q

Which type of protist fixes up to half the CO2 in the oceans? How?

A

Plant-like protists

They photosynthesise using chlorophyll and other pigments

29
Q

What are diatoms and what is their structure?

A
  • Producers in the food chain that are structured like a petri dish
  • They have walls made of silica and pectin
30
Q

What is the role of diatoms in the oceans?

A

They fix carbon and monitor water status

31
Q

What are dinoflagellates?

A
  • Flagellated primarily marine algae
  • Phylogenetic relatives of several groups of protozoa
  • Some are free-living, others are symbionts
  • Some are toxic and cause ‘red tides’; others have bioluminescence
32
Q

What are microscopic animals or micro-animals?

A

Multicellular organisms that are not vertebrates

33
Q

What are the two groups of microscopic animals? Give examples of each.

A
  • Arthropods
    • e.g. dust mites, spider mites
  • Crustaceans
    • ​e.g. copepods, cladocera
34
Q

What are rotifiers? Where are they found?

A

Filter-feeders found in fresh water

35
Q

What are fungal cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

36
Q

What are moulds?

A

Forms of filamentous fungi that are widespread in nature

Most are obligate aerobes

37
Q

Which antibiotic comes from a fungus? Name the fungus.

A

Penicillin from Penicillium notatum

38
Q

What are yeasts?

A

Unicellular fungi, mostly ascomycetes, that are larger than bacterial cells

39
Q

Where do yeasts flourish?

A

Where sugars are present

40
Q

What is the most comercially important yeast?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

BS1040: Microbiology and Cell Biology (25 decks)

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