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MBP Flashcards

1
Q

What does respiratory airway include?

A

Nasal passage, pharynx, larynx,trachea,bronchi,bronchioles

bronchioles have alveoli at end in grapelike arrangement(exchange of co2 and o2)

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2
Q

ATP

A

Carbon dioxide generated due to supply of energy

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3
Q

Mitochondria job

A

supplies cell with energy for metabolism and muscle contraction

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4
Q

mitochondria structure

A

inner and outer membrane, outer membrane forms cristae, have own dna

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5
Q

alveoli

A

next to alveoli rich blood supply, close to sacs this means less diffusion distance

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6
Q

Pharynx structure

A

split into 2 tube, oesophagus and trachea, trachea lined with ciliated epithelium and cilia moves in wave towards pharynx.
epithileum secrete thick mucus to trap dust and move down towards oesophagus

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7
Q

macrophage job

A

macrophage in lung trap particulate matter by phagocytosis

they migrate up trachea and deposit material into oesphagus

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8
Q

chest cavity

A

diaphragm allow contraction and relaxation of lungs which allows us to breathe in and out

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9
Q

pleural cavity

A

liquid between chest wall and lungs

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10
Q

inhaling

A

diaphragm contracts. chest wall moves out
volume in chest cavity increases
reduction in fluid pressure of pleural cavity
pressure in lungs lower than atmospheric pressure therefore air moves into lungs down conc gradient

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11
Q

exhaling

A

diaphragm relax, chest wall move inward
increase in fluid pressure of pleural cavity
increase in pressure insie lungs above atmospheric pressure so air moves out lungs

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12
Q

residual volume

A

air left in our lungs after we breave out forcefully

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13
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional amount of air that can be expired from lungs after normal expiration

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14
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air that moves in or out of lungs with each respiratory cycle (500ml)

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15
Q

inspirtory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal tidal volume (2500-3500ml)

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16
Q

how much oxygen do we inhale and how is it used

A

1000ml

800ml expired into blood
200ml absorbed into alveoli
heart pumps blood and 200ml/min of oxygen transferred to organs and tissue

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17
Q

how is oxygen transported

A

passive diffusion, high to low conc, molecules in closed container exert pressure against walls

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18
Q

what happens when oxygen reaches blood

A

10% dissolved into blood plasma

most o2 binds with haemoglobin

around 5mil rbc per ml of blood

30% of cell weight taken up by haemoglobin

remainder is absorbed by rbc

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19
Q

hyperventilation

A

hella o2 available

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20
Q

hypoventilation

A

small amount of o2 available

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21
Q

rbc structure

A

biconcave structure, reduces pressure inside
in middle 1 micron at edge 2 microns(biconcave)
whole width of rbc 7.5microns

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22
Q

how does PH affect saturation

A

High pH stabilises saturation at low pressure

Low pH stabilises saturation at high pressure as haemoglobin has less affinity for o2 at low ph.

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23
Q

what will less acid in lungs cause

A

encourage binding of oxygen to oxygen

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24
Q

what does more acid in capillaries cause

A

encourage release of oxygen from haemoglobin to tissues

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25
carbon dixoide affinity
co2 has less affinity for haemoglobin
26
how is carbonic acid formed
co2 and water
27
how is co2 carried
in form of bicarbonate ion in blood
28
co2 removal
to be removed co2 needs be in lungs. | co2 which is released 8% us dissolved in plasma,25% of co2 dissolved in haemoglobin,67% dissolved into carbonic acid
29
how is carbonic acid formed
carbonate ions and hydrogen ions combining
30
number of genes and pairs
46,23
31
karotype?
photo of chromosomes used to understnad shape size and number and charactersitcs
32
function of reproductive system
allows transfer of genes from parents to child | protects embryo containing parental genes
33
where is sperm produced
seminiferous tubule
34
is sperm in middle mature or no
mature
35
what releases sperm
vas deferens
36
how is sperm formed and where
in semineferous tubule, spermatogonium at periphery(immature) this then becomes speratocyte then spermatid then sperm
37
meiosis in sperm
number of chromosomes halved during formation of sperm each sperm contains one full set of chromosomes meiosis occurs during spermatocyte formation and egg developiment
38
what do mature sperm cells have
longer tails
39
structure of sperm
top has head which contains nucleus and releases enzymes to burrow into egg,takes one sperm to fetilise egg have contractile filaments tails allow fast swimming and tail has mitochondria around it to provide energy, mito packed together closely
40
final developemtn of sperm
stored in vas deferens stored outside body in sac like structure secretion is from seminle vesicle and secretion called fructose which allows sperm to stay alive
41
hormones
substance released from gland into blood which has specific effect on target cells
42
sex hormones in male
testosterone gonadotrophin FSH LH
43
Testosterone
controls manufacture of sperm helps release of sperm maintains sex drive determiines sexual characteristics like deep voice and beard
44
how is testosterone controlled
controlled by hypothalamus via pituitary gland hypothalmus release fsh and lh which travel to pituitary here gates open allowing these to be released into blood in blood testosterone released too much testosterone will prevent hypothalmus from releasing fsh and lh
45
Ovaries
2 ovaries in body cavity main function produce eggs secret female sex hormones oestegoen and progestrone at birth ovary contains 400000 egg follicles and only 400 mature in female life
46
developemnt of egg
primodial are follicles which are potential egg formations growing follicle mature follicle with egg degenerating follicle
47
primary follicle
oocyte granulosa cells zona pellucida
48
Ovulation
mature egg pushes way out ovary space filled with partially clotted fluid first then follicle egg will enlarge and fill up hole which is called corpus luteum corpus luteum is important if egg fertilised as produces female hormones important for pregnancy
49
how is ovulation controlled
overall controlled by hypothalmus 5-10 days after last period level of oestrogen rises which stimulates growth muscles in uterus walls and epithelium of uterus so wall thicking for fertilised embryo ovulation occus 15 days after last period which induced by high level of LH after ovulation progesterone level rises which stimulates epithelium to prodcue secretory tissue and provide stable environemnt for fertilised egg this lasts between 15th and 28th day when no embryo implanted corpus luteum degenerates and levels of hormes fall which cause constriction of vblood vessel of uterus and lining removed bleeding occurs as capillary walls weakened during process
50
fertilisation
sperm penetrates egg by releasing enzymes from cap at tip of head sperm enter cytoplasm of egg and loses tail fertilisation occurs when nuclei of sperm and egg unite fetilised egg will move down uterus and divide to form ball of cells
51
placenta
critical in development of embryo made of cells of mother and embryo enables exchange of materials to take place
52
events of pregnancy
sign of pregnancy is hormone change chronic gonodatrophin allows attachment of embryo to female body oestrogen and progestorone increases and then decreases as soon as childbirth
53
whaat does nervous system consist of
brain spinal cord peripheral nerves
54
how many nerve cells in brain
150 bill
55
development of nervous system
develops from narrow strip of cells out side of embryo run from head to tail cells are ectoderm cells and during developments they will sink gradually into embryo strip of ectoderm cells will sink to form neural groove which have nerual plates along it
56
what is neural tube
neural ectoderm sinks further to form neural tube its has horse shoe shape edges of groove meet and fuse together and a tube of cells called neural tubes are formed. tube surrounded by ectoderm and runs from head to tail of embryo
57
what will neural tube develop into
mostly spinal cord upper part of tube will be sensory in function and fibres sent will be out to surface of skin lower part will be devoted to motor fucntions and fibres sent out to muscles
58
at head end of tube what are 3 regions
forebrain midbrain hindbrain
59
what is cerebral spinal fluid
fluid that formed from neural tube expanding and its used to surround brain and protect it in skull
60
forebrain
develops into lateral ventricles which later form cerebral hemispheres
61
midbrain and hindbrain
midbrain forms 4 bumps callec colliculi which are important in vision and hearing hindbrain develop into the pons which are swollen area of fibres and will commuicate with cerebellum medulla contains various important parts that are need to keep body working
62
cerebral hemispheres
they have dramatic growth and become dominant feature of brain bend over to fill availble space axis of neural tube in spinal cord is vertical but in brain is horizontal
63
what is dura matter
thick membrane that protects mature brain | any infection in this area can be very dangerous
64
cerebral hemispheres
dominant feature of brain and has many diff areas
65
lateral surface
frontal- responsible for complex movemnt and intellectual activity motor-movemnt somatosensory- sensations from skin temporal-hearing emtion memory occipital-vision parietal-integrates sensory data
66
saggital surface
corpus callosum- integrates 2 hemispheres thalamus- relay station for data entering brain pituaitary gland- endocrine control cerebellum-balance pons-integrate cerebellum and cerebral cortex medulla- respiration adn cardiac cycle
67
basal ganglia
controls movement
68
agnesis of corpus callosum
developmental abnormality results in failure of corpus callosum to develop lead to fatal changes in brain
69
pyramidal neurons
classic structure with branched dendrites and single long axon
70
dorsal root neuron
no neurons and single long axon
71
granule neurons
dendrites but short axon
72
bipolar neurons
single axon and dendrites
73
purkinje neurons
elaborate dendritic tree | allow multiple relay of impulses
74
visual pathway
eye optic chiasm lateral geniculate nucleus visual cortex
75
brain lesion
means injury on brain | in brain large area of parietal cortex will be affected by brain haemorrhage
76
magneto encephalography
when subject look at visual stimulus and this generate electrical activity in brain and magnetic field around head will change coloured areas show regions where magnetic field leaves and enters head
77
position emission tomography
radioactive tracer injected into patient maximum radioactivtiy will correspond to brain activity patient will be given task and PET will show which parts become stimulated PET scan shows area damged by a stroke
78
classification of stimuli
physical effects include pressure and temp sensations include softness,tickling and pain
79
vertical section of skin
made of epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat and seep fascia muscles hair follicles lie deep in sebaceous glands which found in dermis sensory endings where nerve fibres end free nerve endings are not associated with special structure but encapsulated endings are associated with special structure
80
encapsulated endings
pacinian corpsucle has nerve ending thats shielded by layer of lamellae, these respond to change in pressure at surface of skin meissners corpsucle is less shielded than pacinian occur more closer to skin and more sensitive indicators of touch
81
unipolar neurons
skin receptors are specialised endings of unipolar neurons they have few processes and convey info from skin to spinal cord
82
pathway to spinal cord
pacinian corpsucle in skin has long neuron which attached to neuron in dorsal root ganglion then flows into spinal cord
83
receptive fields for skin stimuli
touch sensations are quite large and overlapping completely cover skin hardly any part of our body which is unstable to experience touch sensations temp sensations are spread out because temp of our body varies in diff places, some sensitive to hot some to cold pain sensations have diff fields where sensation in core diff to peripheral.
84
pathway to brain from skin
first impulse sent from skin to spinal cord then two relays occur first at medulla and second at thalamus then impulse go to cortex to form sensations, somoatosensory cortex where skin sensation percieved in first relay 2 nucleus are invovled the cuneate nuclues and gracile nucleus relaays in brain sharpen image and remove noise with relay the sensation more accurate
85
pain pathways
brain contains natural painkiller called endorphins and enkephalins they discovered due to natural receptors to pain killin drugs like morphine extreme pain result in release of enkephalins to block pain as pain impilse travels up to cortex info is conveyed to central grey substance this initiates impulse which carried to spinal cord and struck neurons to release enkephalins this release the pain impulse travelling to spinal cord

OPTOMETRY (10 decks)

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