MBM Flashcards
Shuttle used for B-Oxi?
Carnitine
Pyruvate gets ___ to become lactate
Reduced by NADH via lactate dehydrogenase
How many protons are pumped through complex II?
None
Iorganic phosphate is brought into the matrix by ___
Phosphate translocase
A buildup of citrate allosterically inhibits which Glycolytic enzyme?
PFK-1, the Rate Limiting Step!!
Oxidized idd fatty acids become three carbon ____ CoA, which gets converted into Methylmalonyl-CoA and lastly into _____ CoA which can feed into the TCA to make glucose!
Propionyl, Succinyl
For Gluconeogenesis, where does Glycerol 3 Phosphate come from?
Stored fats/Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue
Adding Amino Group to a-Ketoglutarate makes?
Glutamate
Where is Glucose 6-Phosphatase exclusively found?
The lumen of the ER in Liver Cells.
What does Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate get cleaved into?
DHAP and G3P
In the fasting state, the liver (via HMG-CoA synthase/HMG-CoA lyase) converts excess acetyl-CoA (from B-oxi of FAs) into the Ketone bodies ____ and ____ which can be used for energy in various tissues.
Acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate
Why don’t muscle cells have Glucose-6-Phosphatase?
It ensures that glucose in muscle is solely used up by the muscle; we want to prevent degradation!
The portion of ATP synthase that spans the membrane?
F0 (ion channel)
In conditions of low oxygen, what does the IF-1 Inhibitor do?
Inhibits the ATPase activity of the transporter
What two things occur during E3’s Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase?
- SH’s are de-hydrogenated to form oxidized lipoyllysine with FAD–>FADH2
- NAD+–>NADH by oxidizing FADH2
Glucogenic Amino acids
All except Leucine and Lysine
Three fates of Pyruvate?
- Acetyl CoA via Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
- Lactic Acid via Lactate dehydrogenase
- Oxaloacetate via Pyruvate carboxylase
Two steps where ATP is made in glycolysis
1,3 bisphospho–>3Phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate Kinase
PEP–>Pyruvate by pyruvate kinase
Where does acetyl coA need to go and how does it get there for Fatty Acid Synthesis?
You need cytoplasmic Acetyl-CoA via the Citrate Shuttle.
Type I nuclear receptors vs Type II
I are in cytoplasm before activation, II reside constitutively in the nucleus
Transketolase and Transaldolase serve to transform Fructose6P and GlycerAldehyde3P into _______
Ribose 5P
The Limiting factor of respiration is the amount of ___
ADP
Does Insulin promote or inhibit Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and why?
Promotes it, because insulin means well-fed. Well-fed means you want to Burn Glucose or Store, which are the two potential outcomes of Acetyl Co-A(product of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase)
“Activating” fatty acids refers to the attachment of ___ group
S-CoA
Shuttle used for FA synthesis?
Citrate Shuttle
Insulin’s effect on Pyruvate dehydrogenase Phosphatase?
Promotes it, because E1 becomes active when it’s NOT phosphorylated.
The Non-oxidative phase of PPP generates
Glucose 6 Phosphate, through transketolase and transaldolase
Two NADH shuttles?
- Glycerol 3P-FAD Shuttle (1.5 ATP)
2. Malate-aspartate (2.5 ATP)
Why is Thiamine important to give to patients before glucose with patients that have thiamine deficiency?
Lactic Acidosis occurs because pyruvate cannot be acetyl coA! TPP is essential in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
___ causes release of GDP so that GTP can bind and activate the G protein
GEFs
Which steps reduce NAD+ in glycolysis?
G3P–>1,3BisPhosphoglycerate via G3P Dehydrogenase
Which steps in glycolysis produce ATP?
1,3BisPhosphoglycerate–>3PhosphoGlycerate via Phosphoglycerate Kinase
PEP–>Pyruvate via Pyruvate Kinase
What organ synthesizes TAGs to be delivered to adipose tissue?
Liver
Why is the disulfide bond of Lipoic acid reduced?
To allow a sulfide bond with the new 2C group
Three key substrates for Gluconeogenesis?
- Glycerol 3-Phosphate
- Lactate
- A.A’s
What are the three enzymes of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
E1: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
E2:Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
E3: Dihydrolipoyldehydrogenase
What is the function of E1’s Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?
To decarboxylate Pyruvate to acquire a 2C group that can be manipulated via TPP attachment
What hormone activates PFK-2 and what hormon inactivates PFK-2?
Insulin activates PFK-2 to promote TCA
Glucagon inhibits PFK-2 to promote Gluconeogenesis
How many ATP synthesized for NADH? Per Succinate (from II)?
2.5, 1.5
Two General steps for Beta Oxidation?
- Activate FA with Thioester and CoA (Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase)
- Link activated FA onto carnitine and go through carnitine transporter into matrix.(Carnitine Acyltransferase-1
Removing Aspartate’s Amino Group makes?
Oxaloacetate
Four Enzymes that can be controlled in Citric Acid Cycle?
- PDH-Inhib by ATP, acetyl coA, NADH
- Citrate Synthase-Inhib by ATP, NADH, Succ-CoA, Citrate
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase-Inhib by ATP, NADH
- a-ketoglutDH- Inhib by ATP, NADH, Succ-CoA
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway begins with ___
Glucose 6 Phosphate
Two potential pathways for Acetyl-CoA?
TCA or Fatty Acid Synthesis
Pneumonic 5 step Fatty Acid Synthase (Cytoplasm)
Activate(trade coA with ACP), Bond, Red, Dehy, Red
ADP is transported into the Mitochondrial matrix by _________
Adenine Nucleotide Translocase
If Acetyl CoA isn’t coming from glycolysis, then what’s the other major source?
Fatty Acids
Where in the ETC is ATP produced directly?
Succ-CoA—> Succinate via succinyl-CoA synthetase by converting newly formed GTP into ATP
Monomeric G proteins are ___ when bound to GDP
inactive
Which phosphorylated compound in glycolysis has the highest amount of free energy?
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Three steps that produce NADH in TCA?
- Isocit–>a-Keto
- a-Keto–>Succinyl-CoA
- Malate–>Oxaloacetate
Insulin ___ the formation of Glycogen
Promotes
Cytochrome C passes electrons to complex ___
IV
Which Glycolysis steps require input of ATP?
Glu–>Glu-6P by Hexokinase
Fru6P–>1,6 FruP by PFK-1
The ETC starts with Complex I FMN or FAD (from complex II) receiving two electrons, and passing them off to_____
CoEnzyme Q
What three things occur during E2’s dihydrolipoyl transacetylase?
- Lipoic SS bond is reduced
- Acetyl bound to Lipoic
- Acetyl bound to S-CoA
The oxidative phase of PPP generates two things:
NADPH and Ribose-5-phosphate
Two intermediates that can create more oxaloacetate?
Pyruvate–via Pyruvate Carboxylase (Mitochondrial)
PEP via PEP carboxylase (Cytoplasmic)
Affinities/Locations of Glut 2 vs Glut 4
Glut 2 is in Liver, High KM, Low affinity
Glut 4 is in adipose and muscle, Low KM, High Affinity
When Acetyl CoA builds up from Fatty acid breakdown, what enzyme promotes Gluconeogenesis via Oxaloacetate formation?
Pyruvate carboxylase, because this shunts the Krebs away from ATP formation and TAG storage and creates OAA to make new glucose for the bloodstream.
Does Pyruvate dehydrongease Kinase Activate or Inactivate E1 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?
Inactivates it
Pneumonic 4 Step B-Oxidation (Matrix)
Oxidize Beta, Hydrate, Oxidize, Split
What converts cytoplasmic OAA into PEP?
PEP Carboxykinase
How many protons from NADH in ETC
10
