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Exam 2 > MBM > Flashcards

MBM Flashcards

1
Q

Shuttle used for B-Oxi?

A

Carnitine

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2
Q

Pyruvate gets ___ to become lactate

A

Reduced by NADH via lactate dehydrogenase

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3
Q

How many protons are pumped through complex II?

A

None

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4
Q

Iorganic phosphate is brought into the matrix by ___

A

Phosphate translocase

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5
Q

A buildup of citrate allosterically inhibits which Glycolytic enzyme?

A

PFK-1, the Rate Limiting Step!!

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6
Q

Oxidized idd fatty acids become three carbon ____ CoA, which gets converted into Methylmalonyl-CoA and lastly into _____ CoA which can feed into the TCA to make glucose!

A

Propionyl, Succinyl

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7
Q

For Gluconeogenesis, where does Glycerol 3 Phosphate come from?

A

Stored fats/Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue

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8
Q

Adding Amino Group to a-Ketoglutarate makes?

A

Glutamate

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9
Q

Where is Glucose 6-Phosphatase exclusively found?

A

The lumen of the ER in Liver Cells.

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10
Q

What does Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate get cleaved into?

A

DHAP and G3P

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11
Q

In the fasting state, the liver (via HMG-CoA synthase/HMG-CoA lyase) converts excess acetyl-CoA (from B-oxi of FAs) into the Ketone bodies ____ and ____ which can be used for energy in various tissues.

A

Acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate

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12
Q

Why don’t muscle cells have Glucose-6-Phosphatase?

A

It ensures that glucose in muscle is solely used up by the muscle; we want to prevent degradation!

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13
Q

The portion of ATP synthase that spans the membrane?

A

F0 (ion channel)

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14
Q

In conditions of low oxygen, what does the IF-1 Inhibitor do?

A

Inhibits the ATPase activity of the transporter

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15
Q

What two things occur during E3’s Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase?

A
  1. SH’s are de-hydrogenated to form oxidized lipoyllysine with FAD–>FADH2
  2. NAD+–>NADH by oxidizing FADH2
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16
Q

Glucogenic Amino acids

A

All except Leucine and Lysine

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17
Q

Three fates of Pyruvate?

A
  1. Acetyl CoA via Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
  2. Lactic Acid via Lactate dehydrogenase
  3. Oxaloacetate via Pyruvate carboxylase
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18
Q

Two steps where ATP is made in glycolysis

A

1,3 bisphospho–>3Phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate Kinase

PEP–>Pyruvate by pyruvate kinase

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19
Q

Where does acetyl coA need to go and how does it get there for Fatty Acid Synthesis?

A

You need cytoplasmic Acetyl-CoA via the Citrate Shuttle.

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20
Q

Type I nuclear receptors vs Type II

A

I are in cytoplasm before activation, II reside constitutively in the nucleus

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21
Q

Transketolase and Transaldolase serve to transform Fructose6P and GlycerAldehyde3P into _______

A

Ribose 5P

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22
Q

The Limiting factor of respiration is the amount of ___

A

ADP

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23
Q

Does Insulin promote or inhibit Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and why?

A

Promotes it, because insulin means well-fed. Well-fed means you want to Burn Glucose or Store, which are the two potential outcomes of Acetyl Co-A(product of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase)

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24
Q

“Activating” fatty acids refers to the attachment of ___ group

A

S-CoA

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25
Q

Shuttle used for FA synthesis?

A

Citrate Shuttle

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26
Q

Insulin’s effect on Pyruvate dehydrogenase Phosphatase?

A

Promotes it, because E1 becomes active when it’s NOT phosphorylated.

27
Q

The Non-oxidative phase of PPP generates

A

Glucose 6 Phosphate, through transketolase and transaldolase

28
Q

Two NADH shuttles?

A
  1. Glycerol 3P-FAD Shuttle (1.5 ATP)

2. Malate-aspartate (2.5 ATP)

29
Q

Why is Thiamine important to give to patients before glucose with patients that have thiamine deficiency?

A

Lactic Acidosis occurs because pyruvate cannot be acetyl coA! TPP is essential in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

30
Q

___ causes release of GDP so that GTP can bind and activate the G protein

A

GEFs

31
Q

Which steps reduce NAD+ in glycolysis?

A

G3P–>1,3BisPhosphoglycerate via G3P Dehydrogenase

32
Q

Which steps in glycolysis produce ATP?

A

1,3BisPhosphoglycerate–>3PhosphoGlycerate via Phosphoglycerate Kinase
PEP–>Pyruvate via Pyruvate Kinase

33
Q

What organ synthesizes TAGs to be delivered to adipose tissue?

A

Liver

34
Q

Why is the disulfide bond of Lipoic acid reduced?

A

To allow a sulfide bond with the new 2C group

35
Q

Three key substrates for Gluconeogenesis?

A
  1. Glycerol 3-Phosphate
  2. Lactate
  3. A.A’s
36
Q

What are the three enzymes of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?

A

E1: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
E2:Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
E3: Dihydrolipoyldehydrogenase

37
Q

What is the function of E1’s Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?

A

To decarboxylate Pyruvate to acquire a 2C group that can be manipulated via TPP attachment

38
Q

What hormone activates PFK-2 and what hormon inactivates PFK-2?

A

Insulin activates PFK-2 to promote TCA

Glucagon inhibits PFK-2 to promote Gluconeogenesis

39
Q

How many ATP synthesized for NADH? Per Succinate (from II)?

A

2.5, 1.5

40
Q

Two General steps for Beta Oxidation?

A
  1. Activate FA with Thioester and CoA (Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase)
  2. Link activated FA onto carnitine and go through carnitine transporter into matrix.(Carnitine Acyltransferase-1
41
Q

Removing Aspartate’s Amino Group makes?

A

Oxaloacetate

42
Q

Four Enzymes that can be controlled in Citric Acid Cycle?

A
  1. PDH-Inhib by ATP, acetyl coA, NADH
  2. Citrate Synthase-Inhib by ATP, NADH, Succ-CoA, Citrate
  3. Isocitrate dehydrogenase-Inhib by ATP, NADH
  4. a-ketoglutDH- Inhib by ATP, NADH, Succ-CoA
43
Q

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway begins with ___

A

Glucose 6 Phosphate

44
Q

Two potential pathways for Acetyl-CoA?

A

TCA or Fatty Acid Synthesis

45
Q

Pneumonic 5 step Fatty Acid Synthase (Cytoplasm)

A

Activate(trade coA with ACP), Bond, Red, Dehy, Red

46
Q

ADP is transported into the Mitochondrial matrix by _________

A

Adenine Nucleotide Translocase

47
Q

If Acetyl CoA isn’t coming from glycolysis, then what’s the other major source?

A

Fatty Acids

48
Q

Where in the ETC is ATP produced directly?

A

Succ-CoA—> Succinate via succinyl-CoA synthetase by converting newly formed GTP into ATP

49
Q

Monomeric G proteins are ___ when bound to GDP

A

inactive

50
Q

Which phosphorylated compound in glycolysis has the highest amount of free energy?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate

51
Q

Three steps that produce NADH in TCA?

A
  1. Isocit–>a-Keto
  2. a-Keto–>Succinyl-CoA
  3. Malate–>Oxaloacetate
52
Q

Insulin ___ the formation of Glycogen

A

Promotes

53
Q

Cytochrome C passes electrons to complex ___

A

IV

54
Q

Which Glycolysis steps require input of ATP?

A

Glu–>Glu-6P by Hexokinase

Fru6P–>1,6 FruP by PFK-1

55
Q

The ETC starts with Complex I FMN or FAD (from complex II) receiving two electrons, and passing them off to_____

A

CoEnzyme Q

56
Q

What three things occur during E2’s dihydrolipoyl transacetylase?

A
  1. Lipoic SS bond is reduced
  2. Acetyl bound to Lipoic
  3. Acetyl bound to S-CoA
57
Q

The oxidative phase of PPP generates two things:

A

NADPH and Ribose-5-phosphate

58
Q

Two intermediates that can create more oxaloacetate?

A

Pyruvate–via Pyruvate Carboxylase (Mitochondrial)

PEP via PEP carboxylase (Cytoplasmic)

59
Q

Affinities/Locations of Glut 2 vs Glut 4

A

Glut 2 is in Liver, High KM, Low affinity

Glut 4 is in adipose and muscle, Low KM, High Affinity

60
Q

When Acetyl CoA builds up from Fatty acid breakdown, what enzyme promotes Gluconeogenesis via Oxaloacetate formation?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase, because this shunts the Krebs away from ATP formation and TAG storage and creates OAA to make new glucose for the bloodstream.

61
Q

Does Pyruvate dehydrongease Kinase Activate or Inactivate E1 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?

A

Inactivates it

62
Q

Pneumonic 4 Step B-Oxidation (Matrix)

A

Oxidize Beta, Hydrate, Oxidize, Split

63
Q

What converts cytoplasmic OAA into PEP?

A

PEP Carboxykinase

64
Q

How many protons from NADH in ETC

A

10

Exam 2 (2 decks)

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