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PoM > MBC - Fluid Compartments and Solutes > Flashcards

MBC - Fluid Compartments and Solutes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant cation found outside the cell?

A

Sodium

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2
Q

What is the most abundant cation found within the cell?

A

Potassium

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3
Q

How is sodium neutralised when in high concentrations?

A

High concentration of chloride

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4
Q

How is the high concentration of potassium neutralised?

A

A mixture of proteins, nucleic acids and phosphorylated proteins

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5
Q

What is the main anion found within cells?

A

Organic phosphates

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6
Q

What is the role of organic phosphate in cells?

A

ATP production, cell signalling and the phosphorylation of proteins for their (in)activation - e.g. cell cycle.

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7
Q

Are proteins cations or anions?

A

Anions due to their overall net negative charge.

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8
Q

Typically, how does pH differ between the inside and the outside of the cell?

A

pH inside the cell is typically lower (more acidic) than outside of the cell.

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9
Q

How does the osmolarity differ between the inside and the outside of the cell?

A

It odes not - it’s equal so there is never any significant osmotic effect.

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10
Q

What is the exception for equal intra and extra cellular osmolarity?

A

Kidneys where fluid concentration is higher than the cellular concentration

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11
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Spontaneous movement of a solute down a concentration gradient until the solute molecules reach equilibrium

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12
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water down its own concentration gradient/ movement of water to a higher osmolarity.

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13
Q

What is the osmole?

A

The number of moles of solute that contribute to the osmotic pressure of a solution.

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14
Q

With a membrane permeable to both H2O and solute, how does water move?

A

Water moves in both directions down a varying conc. gradient, until there is a balance in osmolarity. This means there is no net change in volume.

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15
Q

With a membrane permeable to water, solute A but not solute B, what happens?

A

Water and solute A move down their concentration gradients. The cell will swell as B cannot move out therefore more water will have to move into the cell to balance osmolarity.

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16
Q

With a membrane permeable to water but not solute, what will happen?

A

Water moves down its concentration gradient, however as neither of the solutes one out of the cell, lots of water moves in and will potentially cause rupture.

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17
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Defines the strength of a solution as if it affects the final volume

18
Q

What is tonicity dependent upon?

A

Cell membrane permeability

Solution composition.

19
Q

In a hypertonic solution, what happens to the cell?

A

Cell shrinks as the osmolarity of impermeant solutes is greater outside the cell so water moves out

20
Q

In a hypotonic solution, what happens to the cell?

A

Cell swells as the osmolarity of impermeant solutes is greater inside the cell so water moves in.

21
Q

In a isotonic solution, what happens to the cell?

A

Cell volume doesn’t change as the osmolarity of impermeant solutes is the same inside and outside the cell.

22
Q

Why don’t our cells burst despite us having a much larger concentration of intracellular proteins?

A

Because of the. Na+/K+ ATPase maintaining low sodium inside the cell and high sodium outside, to account for the high concentration of impermeant proteins in the cell.

23
Q

What happens when a tissue loses blood supply?

A

Ischaemia

24
Q

How do we slow ischaemic changes?

A

Rapid cooling to 4C

25
Q

Why do we still get deterioration of tissue after cooling?

A

Because the Na/K ATPase stops working below 15C, and there’s no coign for ATP for the pump. Chloride and sodium move in, K moves out - swelling, blebbing and death follow

26
Q

What solution can be used to prevent ischaemia?

A

University of Wisconsin Solution

27
Q

What three main factors of UW solution reduce swelling?

A

Lack of Na+ or Cl-
Presence of extracellular impermeant solutes
Presence of macromolecular colloid (starch)

28
Q

What is the role of allopurinol and glutathionine in UW solution?

A

Act as antioxidants so protect the cell from reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may damage tissue

29
Q

How do lipid soluble molecules traverse endothelial cells?

A

Pass directly through

30
Q

How do plasma proteins traverse endothelial cells?

A

Generally unable to do so

31
Q

How do small water-soluble traverse endothelial cells?

A

Pass through pores between cells

32
Q

How do exchangeable proteins traverse endothelial cells?

A

Moved across via vesicular transport

33
Q

What do plasma proteins in capillaries generate?

A

Colloid osmotic pressire

34
Q

What is COP?

A

Water has tendency to move into capillaries however this is counteracted by hydrostatic pressure.

35
Q

Why do we lose around 8L of plasma a day from capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid out of capillaries into interstitium is slightly greater than COP.

36
Q

How do leaky capillaries cause oedema?

A

Wider pores mean that plasma proteins leave so COP is reduced but hydrostatic pressure is still high, forcing fluids out and causing oedema.

37
Q

How do we counteract fluid lost from plasma?

A

Lymphatic system collects interstitial fluid that is destined to return to the blood circulation

38
Q

How does inflammatory oedema arise?

A

When the rate of lymph drainage can’t keep up with the rate of fluid loss from leaky capillaries

39
Q

How can breast cancer cause oedema?

A

Part of the lymphatic system may be removed so there is less drainage.

40
Q

How does elephantiasis cause oedema?

A

Parasitic worms can block lymphatic vessels thereby preventing lymph drainage.

41
Q

When may hydrostatic oedema occur?

A

When there is a higher blood pressure so that it overtakes COP massively and increases leaky fluid

PoM (27 decks)

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