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PoM > MBC - Cell Metabolism 2 > Flashcards

MBC - Cell Metabolism 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Acetyl CoA Made?

A

Mitochondria

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2
Q

What molecules can contribute to Acetyl CoA

A

Fatty acids
Pyruvate
Amino acids

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3
Q

Why is the mitochondria where the bulk of cellular ATP is made?

A

Both polysaccharides and lipids can be broken down, and their constituents synthesise fatty acids in the mitochondria.

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4
Q

What are the three main sources from which we derive fats?

A
  1. Diet
  2. De novo synthesis in the liver
  3. Adipose tissue
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5
Q

What do we use to transport dietary fats

A

chylomicrons - transport diaglycerides in blood

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6
Q

What do we use to breakdown dietary fats

A

Lingual, Pancreatic and gastric lipases

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7
Q

What are the 2 fates of fatty acids synthesised in the liver?

A
  1. B-oxidation in the muscle, heart or liver

2. Storage in adipose tissue

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8
Q

How do we transport fatty acids going to the adipose or liver/muscle/heart (endogenous fats)

A

Very low density lipoproteins

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9
Q

What happens when we require fat in the adipose tissue

A

Fatty acids are mobilised - transported via albumin as and when we require them.

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10
Q

Where are bile salts generated

A

Liver

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11
Q

Where are bile salts stored

A

gallbladder

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12
Q

Where are bile salts released

A

Intestine via bile duct

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13
Q

What do bile salts do

A

Emulsify dietary fats

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14
Q

What does emulsification do

A

Allows the absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins

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15
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble

A

A D E K

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16
Q

What do we call a lack in bile salts

A

Steatorrhoea (fatty stool)

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17
Q

What is the other name for orlistat

A

Tetrahydrolipstatin

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18
Q

How do we derive orlistat

A

Chemically derived from lipstatin, a product of streptomyces toxytricini

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19
Q

Is orlistat effective in reducing fat absorption

A

Yes - reduces it by up to 30%

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20
Q

Does orlistat treat obesity

A

Yes - for up to 2 years

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21
Q

What are the side effects of orlistat

A

Abdominal pains
Urgent need to defecate
Increased flatus
Steatorrhoea

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22
Q

Where are chylomicrons made

A

Intestine

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23
Q

What do chylomicrons transport

A

Dietary fats (as diaglycerides)

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24
Q

Where are VLDLs made

A

Liver

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25
Q

What do VLDLs transport

A

Endogenous fats

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26
Q

Where are IDLs (Intermediate density) made

A

VLDLs

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27
Q

What do IDLs do

A

LDL precursor

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28
Q

Where are LDLs made

A

IDLs

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29
Q

What do LDLs transport

A

Cholesterol

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30
Q

Where are HDLs made

A

Liver

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31
Q

What do HDLs do

A

Reverse cholesterol transport

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32
Q

How are triglycerides incorporated into chylomicrons?

A

Dietary products are absorbed into enterocytes of the small intestine lining, and are resynthesised to triglycerides before incorporation to chylomicrons

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33
Q

How do chylomicrons enter the blood stream?

A

They travel in the lymphatic system (lacteal) to the thoracic duct where they enter the left subclavian vein

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34
Q

What do chylomicrons need before binding to LPL and where do they get it from

A

They need apoproteins from HDLs

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35
Q

Where is LPL found?

A

On the membrane of the capillary endothelial cells of tissues all around the body.

36
Q

What happens after chylomicrons bind to LPL

A

Triglycerides are broken down to fatty acids which undergo B-oxidation, and glycerol which is transported to the liver for gluconeogenesis

37
Q

What are lipoproteins made of

A

Phospholipid monolayer, with cholesterol and apoproteins. Inside of the lipoprotein, we have cholesterol esters and triglycerides

38
Q

What is the need for lipoproteins

A

They solve the problem of transporting hydrophobic triglycerides in an aqueous environment.

39
Q

How is a cholesterol ester synthesised

A

Cholesterol reacts with lecithin via LCAT (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase) to form cholesterol ester and lysophosphatydilcholine

40
Q

What is another name for lecithin

A

Phosphatydilcholine

41
Q

Outline the lifecycle of a VLDL

A
  1. VLDL is synthesised by liver
  2. VLDL released fatty acids and cholesterol to adipose tissue or skeletal muscle/heart/liver, and glycerol which is likely to be taken back to the liver for gluconeogenesis.
  3. We are left with a lipid - depleted remnant
42
Q

How does a lipid depleted remnant become an IDL

A

It donates apoproteins to HDLs, forming an IDL

43
Q

How does an IDL become an LDL

A

It receives cholesterol esters from HDLs to become an LDL

44
Q

What are the 2 fates of an LDL

A

It is either taken up via macrophages (bad) or taken up by the liver where the whole process starts again with the synthesis of VLDLs

45
Q

How much cholesterol do LDLs transport

A

LDLs transport cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues, more than 40% of their total weight consists of cholesterol esters.

46
Q

Outline roughly the process of B-oxidation

A

This is the metabolism of fats, occurring in the mitochondria to give us our end product of Acetyl CoA to enter the TCA cycle and subsequent oxidative phosphorylation

47
Q

What is the first step of B-oxidation

A

Fatty acid + ATP + HS-CoA —-> Acyl CoA + AMP +PPi

48
Q

What is AMP

A

Adenosine monophosphate - this is generated as two phosphoanhydride bonds must be broken to provide energy for this reaction.

49
Q

Where does the generation of the Acyl CoA species occur?

A

On the outer mitochondria membrane

50
Q

How do we get Acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Via the carnitine shuttle

51
Q

Outline the carnitine shuttle

A

Acyl CoA is converted to CoA by carnitine acyltransferase I, whilst carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine. Acyl Carnitine is then transported into the matrix from the outer membrane via translocase.
In the matrix, Acyl carnitine is converted back to carnitine and Acyl is added to CoA to re-form Acyl CoA via carnitine acyltransferase II. Carnitine is then transported back to the outer membrane via translocase.

52
Q

How do people get a primary carnitine deficiency?

A

Autosomal recessvie disorder

53
Q

Explain what happens in a primary carnitine deficiency

A

Gene encoding for carnitine transporter (SLC22A5) is affected - results in less carnitine uptake by cells - restricts B-oxidation

54
Q

What are the symptoms of carnitine deficiency and when do they arise?

A 
Infancy or early childhood. 
Encephalopathies
Cardiomyopathies
Muscle weakness 
Hypoglycaemia
55
Q

Can we treat carnitine deficiency?

A

Carnitor (levocarnitine) can be used as a supplement

56
Q

What happens after Acyl CoA is transported into the martrix of the mitochondria?

A

Acyl CoA then undergoes a series of oxidation, hydration, oxidation and thiolysis reactions collectively known as Beta oxidation.

57
Q

What is the product from one cycle of B-oxidation?

A

We end up with an acyl-CoA which is 2C shorter than the original, and an acetyl-CoA molecule.

58
Q

What happens with the leftover acyl-CoA?

A

It will undergo B-oxidation until it is depleted. Therefore, if we have an acyl-CoA that has 4C, it will undergo one last B-oxidation to produce 2 Acetyl-CoA molecules

59
Q

Palmitoyl-CoA has 16C, how many B-oxidation reactions does it undergo, and how many acetyl CoA are formed?

A

It will go through B-oxidation 7 times, but will produce 8 acetyl CoA as the last cycle will produce 2 acetyl CoA instead of only 1.

60
Q

What is the full equation for the B-oxidation of palmitoyl CoA?

A

palmitoyl CoA + 7 FAD + 7 NAD+ + 7 H2O + 7 CoA —-> 8 acetyl CoA + 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH.
(We also get the reduction of 1 NAD+ and 1 FAD with each cycle of B-oxidation)

61
Q

Why must fat metabolism be balanced with carbohydrate metabolism

A

Acetyl CoA from B-oxidation can only enter TCA if oxaloacetate is present (derived from pyruvate), therefore we need a balance from carbohydrate metabolism.

62
Q

When might fat breakdown predominate

A

Fasting

63
Q

What happens as a result of fasting

A

formation of ketone bodies

64
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies

A

Acetone
D3-hydroxybutyrate
Acetoacetate.

65
Q

Typically, how efficient is B-oxidation

A

Around 40%

66
Q

How many enzymes are involved in lipogenesis (fatty acid biosynthesis)?

A

2

67
Q

What enzymes are involved in fatty acid biosynthesis?

A
  1. Fatty acid synthase

2. Acetyl CoA carboxylase

68
Q

What is the general outline of fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

Sequential decarboxylative condensation reactions involving 2 molecules: Acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA

69
Q

What does the fatty acyl undergo after each round of elongation?

A

reduction and hydration by the sequential action of ketoreductase, dehyrdatase and enol reductase.

70
Q

What links to the growing fatty acyl chain?

A

Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)

71
Q

Where does lipogenesis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

72
Q

What would be the overall equation for the biosynthesis of palmitate?

A

Acetyl CoA + 7 Malonyl CoA + 14 NADPH +14 H+ ——–> Palmitate (C16) + 7 CO2+ 6 H2O + 8 CoA-SH + 14 NADP+

73
Q

What happens if the fatty acyl chain needs to be elongated past 16 carbons?

A

Occurs separately in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum

74
Q

What is required for fatty acid desaturation?

A

Fatty Acyl-CoA Desaturase enzymes

75
Q

What enzyme is used for the desaturation of stearate to oleic acid, and palmitate to palmitoleic acid?

A

Delta-9 desaturase.

This is because it creates a double bond 9 carbons away from the terminal carboxyl group

76
Q

In what part of the body does lipogenesis mainly occur?

A

Liver, adipose tissue, lactating breast.

77
Q

What has been observed with cancer patients and lipogenesis, and how does this play a role in finding treatment?

A

The reactivation of fatty acid synthesis has been observed in cancerous cells, therefore we are looking for ways to target the FASN gene which codes for fatty acid synthase to reduce tumours.

78
Q

What has been shown to inhibit FASN?

A

Cerulenin which is an anti fungal antibiotics, has been seen to rescue the growth of ovarian tumours.

79
Q

What enzymes are involved in the first step of B oxidation with the Acyl CoA

A

Dehydrogenases - which bind to fatty acid chains, and reduces a FAD to FADH2 in the process

80
Q

What enzyme binds to fatty acids with a carbon chain of less than 6 carbons

A

Short chain acyl Co enzyme A dehydrogenase

81
Q

What enzyme binds to fatty acids with a carbon chain of 6-12 carbons

A

Medium chain acyl Co enzyme A Dehydrogenase

82
Q

What enzyme binds to fatty acids with a carbon chain of 13-21 carbons

A

Long chain 3-hydroxyacyl Co enzyme A dehydrogenase

83
Q

What enzyme binds to fatty acids with a carbon chain of 22 carbons or more

A

Very long chain acyl Co enzyme A dehydrogenase

84
Q

What is MCADD

A

medium chain acyl Co enzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency

85
Q

How many people does MCADD affect, and who?

A

Affects 1 in 10,000 live births in the UK every year, primarily affecting caucasians

86
Q

Is MCADD serious?

A

Yes - if undiagnosed can be fatal (detected in heel prick tests) - accounts for 1% of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

87
Q

What can be done for MCADD patients?

A

Make sure that they don’t go without food for 10-12 hours - high carbohydrate diet.
Also, if they have an illness where they lose their appetite or are vomiting lots, IV glucose may be needed to prevent the body trying to metabolise fatty acids.

PoM (27 decks)

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