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Biology;MCQ in About Tab(Desc) > Maybe maybe maybe > Flashcards

Maybe maybe maybe Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why do organisms reproduce sexually?

A

organisms reproduce sexually because organisms can pass down traits that are more favorable to the environment

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2
Q

allele

A

alternate form of gene found at gene locus.

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3
Q

genotype

A

the genetic constitution of an individual organism

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4
Q

phenotype

A

a set of observable characteristics/traits of an organism

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5
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene

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6
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 different versions of the same gene

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7
Q

gene

A

basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

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8
Q

sex linkage

A

traits on x and y chromosome. most are on x chromosome and recessive

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9
Q

incomplete dominance

A

both alleles partially expressed(white+red=pink)

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10
Q

co-dominance

A

both alleles are expressed(white+red=white&red)

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11
Q

adaptation

A

a modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for existence

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12
Q

competition

A

A (not so friendly) interaction between two/more organisms for resources. ie. water, food, territory.

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13
Q

predation

A

the preying of one animal on others.

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14
Q

coevolution

A

coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other’s evolution through the process of natural selection (bees and flowers)

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15
Q

gene pool

A

Combo of all allele/gene in a population

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16
Q

lamarck’s theory of evolution

A

theory of acquired characteristics

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17
Q

darwin’s 5 postulates

A

post 1: there’s variation in indiv. members of a pop.
post. 2: some variations favorable
post. 3: in each gen. some indiv. survive & reproduce successfully
post 4: indiv.s with favorable traits survive long, leave behind offspring (natural selection)
post 5: a pop. changes over time (evolution)

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18
Q

artificial selection

A

an evolutionary process in which humans consciously select for or against particular features in organisms (i want hot cats)

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19
Q

sources of genetic variability

A

Mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, crossing over, environmental variance

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20
Q

directional selection

A

favors one extreme

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21
Q

stablizing selection

A

favors moderate/intermediate

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22
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors both extremes

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23
Q

species

A

a group of living organisms that are of similar individuals that can interbeed (humans, cats)

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24
Q

allopatric speciation

A

evolution in species due to geographical barrier e.g. cow have barrier. desert one side field other side. desert cow eat cacti. field side eat grass

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25
Q

sympatric speciation

A

evolution of new species from surviving ancestors in same geographic area. e.g. catholic beetle that come from communist beetle in Alhambra.

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26
Q

importance of membrane organelles

A

allow cellular processes to be carried out efficiently in isolation from each other

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27
Q

greenhouse effect

A

When greenhouse gases are trapped in atmosphere

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28
Q

global warming

A

Increase in average temps on Earth influenced by human activity

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29
Q

mutualism

A

:):)

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30
Q

commensalism

A

:):|

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31
Q

parasitism

A

:):(

32
Q

primary succession

A

ecological succession that takes place in enviro that’s recently formed but lacks soil. happens after nuke/volcano/glacier outburst

33
Q

secondary succession

A

ecological succession that occurs after already established gets disrupted (fire/logging/disease)

34
Q

characteristics of populations

A

distinguishing physical variations(age,gender,ethnicity,risk of certain disease, etc)

35
Q

growth rate

A

the rate a pop. increase/decrease

36
Q

death rate

A

ratio of deaths in a pop. of a particular area during particular period of time

37
Q

birth rate

A

The ratio of births in a population of a particular area or during a particular period of time

38
Q

exponential growth

A

the bigger the pop. the faster it grows. grows infinitely with unlimited resources (j shaped curve)

39
Q

logistic growth

A

population grows exponentially first but slows as pop. size nears carrying capacity and becomes stable (s shaped curve)

40
Q

density dependent limiting factors

A

pop. growth reduced by ltd. resources due to big pop. (disease,comp,predators)

41
Q

density independent limiting factors

A

pop. size affected regardless of size e.g. weather/natural disasters

42
Q

age structure diagrams

A

diagram that shows distribution by ages of females&males within certain pop. in graphic form

43
Q

interphase

A

G1 (growth phase 1), take nutrient. S (synthesis) replicate chromosome, dna synthesis. G2: done grow ready for division

44
Q

mitosis

A

division of nucleus, make 2 daughter cell, PMAT

45
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm

46
Q

meiosis

A

sex cell division. occurs in animal ovaries and testes

47
Q

meiosis daughter cells

A

daughter cells haploid gametes, receive one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes

48
Q

diploid

A

“double” cell - full set of chromosome pairs. each gene has 2 alleles.

49
Q

haploid

A

one chromosome “per pair”. contain half of the diploid #.

50
Q

fossils

A

stuff that exhibit evolution of body structures over time

51
Q

vestigial structures

A

Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor (wisdom teeth, tailbones)

52
Q

when evolution idea accepted

A

ideas of evolution not accepted til darwin published On the origin of Species 1859

53
Q

evolutionary changes

A

occur from gen. to gen., cause descendants to diff from ancestors, occur at pop. level

54
Q

evolution

A

change of allele freq. in a pop.’s gene pool

55
Q

mutations

A

rare changes in base seq. of DNA in a gene. source of new alleles

56
Q

natural selection

A

survival of the fittest. selection of phenotypes affects genotypes present in the pop.

57
Q

abiotic factors

A

not living stuff (climate, water, soil)

58
Q

biotic factors

A

living stuff (humans)

59
Q

reproductive isolation

A

when member of one pop. not able to mate with member of another pop.

60
Q

isolating mechanism

A

stuff that prevent interbreeding/maintain reproductive isolation

61
Q

premating vs postmating isolation mechanisms

A

premate prevents mating between species. post maste prevent formation of viable/fertile offspring after mating.

62
Q

geographical isolation

A

no mate because of geographical barrier (there is a wall between u and them)

63
Q

ecological isolation

A

no mate because of diff habitat (you live in america, they live in japan)

64
Q

temporal isolation

A

no mate because diff time of day/seasons (they night owl, you early bird)

65
Q

behavorial isolation

A

no mate because different courtship/mating ritual (they do not like your flirting)

66
Q

mechanical isolation

A

no mate because physically incompatible (you are 7 foot they are 4 foot)

67
Q

hybrid inviability

A

hybrid offspring fail to survive to maturity (baby die in hospital)

68
Q

hybrid infertility

A

hybrid is sterile/reduced fertility; no make baby :( (mule or liger)

69
Q

inheritance

A

process by which traits of indiv. passed to their offspring

70
Q

mendel’s rules

A

one allele dominant over other allele which is recessive (complex/simple dominance)

71
Q

level of organization ecology

A

species (humans), pop. (human in nyc), communities (human, dog, cat in nyc), ecosystem (all organism in an area; desert), biome (desert biome), biosphere (earth)

72
Q

autotroph

A

Organisms that produce its own food (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis)

73
Q

heterotroph

A

Organisms that eat other organisms

74
Q

predation

A

one organism captures+feeds on another pop.

75
Q

symbiosis

A

relationship between species

76
Q

population density

A

measurement of population per unit land area

Biology;MCQ in About Tab(Desc) (10 decks)

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