Maximizing Genetic Information

Question 1

4 ways to increase number of proteins coded in DNA

Answer 1

Alternate splicing, exon shuffling, introns, single gene encodes for precursor proteins

Question 2

Alternate splicing

Answer 2

-Mechanism of combining exons of a gene in different ways
-Cell types can use versions of the same protein in slightly different ways in different tissues

Question 3

Exon shuffling

Answer 3

Forms distinct proteins, several genes, multiple proteins through recombination

Question 4

Introns transcribed

Answer 4

• both introns and exons transcribed(usually introns are removed)

Question 5

True or False: Introns in coding strand of one gene can be exons in the other strand of the DNA

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Post translational modification

Answer 6

occurs after protein is formed (Ex. Dentinogenesis imperfecta)

Question 7

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

Answer 7

Autosomal dominant disease that causes discolored and misshapen teeth with peeling enamel

Question 8

What is Dentinogenesis imperfecta caused by

Answer 8

Caused by deficiency in proteins DPP and DSP

Question 9

DSP (bad)

Answer 9

mineral deposition in dentin, dentin doesn’t mature normally

Question 10

DPP

Answer 10

maturation of mineralized dentin

Question 11

True or False: Most of the human genome DOES encode proteins

Answer 11

False: Most of it DOES NOT encode proteins

Question 12

What is the percentage of human DNA that encode proteins?

Answer 12

only 1.5%

Question 13

What else is in the genome?

Answer 13

-viral DNA
-noncoding RNAs
-introns
-promoters and other control sequences
-repeated sequences

Question 14

Noncoding RNA

Answer 14

RNAs that don’t get translated into protein

Question 15

Much of the human genome stays in the form of…

Answer 15

Noncoding RNAS (ncRNAs)

Question 16

Types of noncoding RNAs

Answer 16

rRNA and tRNA

Question 17

Pseudogene

Answer 17

Similar sequence to a protein coding gene but NOT translated into protein

Question 18

ENCODE

Answer 18

Encyclopedia of DNA elements

Question 19

Function of junk DNA?

Answer 19

Regulation and control of gene expression

Question 20

Viral DNA

Answer 20

-viruses that show past infection from ancestors
-derived from RNA viruses called retroviruses

Question 21

To get passed on to your children this DNA…

Answer 21

has to be incorporated in sperm and egg

Question 22

Repeats

Answer 22

DNA sequences that are repeated over and over again
Ex. telomeres, centromeres, rRNA gene clusters

Question 23

Transposons

Answer 23

Most abundant type of repeat
- Cut, copy, and paste themselves into another part of genome

Question 24

Alu repeats

Answer 24

Types of transposon repeat

Question 25

Repeats can contribute to…

Answer 25

disease formation- insertional mutagenesis