Matter as "Solutions, Acids, and Bases" Flashcards
What is “solute”?
- The small, minor component added in the solvent to dissolve.
What is a “solvent”?
- The medium in which the solute is dissolved in.
What is “dissolving”?
- Chemical process
- Individual particles of the solute disperse throughout a solvent
What is “dissociation”?
- Separating an ionic compound -> to ion
What is “ionization”?
- Neutral atom or molecule turns into ion
- Acids ionize in water
What is “electrolytes”
- Conduct electricity
What compounds are electrolytes?
- Ionic
- Acids
- Base
What is the Process of Dissolving?
- Bonds between particles in the solute break
- Some inter molecular forces between the particles of the solvent break.
- Particles of the solute and solvent attract -> new chemical bond
Difference between Endothermic VS Exothermic dissolving.
- Endo : More energy ABSORBED to break the bonds
- Exo: More energy RELEASED when the solute solvent bonds form.
What is a “saturated solution”?
- solution is at MAX concentration
- no more solute will dissolve
- dynamic equilibrium
What is “solubility”?
- the concentration of a saturated solution
- depends on temp, pressure, and chemical properties like polarity
Solubility of states
- Solids: High solubility, High temp
- Gases: High solubility, Low temp, High pressure
- Liquids: High solubility, High temp
Solubility of Ionic Compounds
- most dissolve in water
- Greater than 0.1 mol/L = high solubility
- Less than 0.1 mol/L = low solubility
Solubility of Molecular Compounds
- polar compounds have higher solubility
- nonpolar have low solubility
- hydrogen bonding have higher solubility
Dynamic Equilibrium
- Some solids are dissolving, some are crystallizing
- Meaning, no net change
- Solubility equilibrium is established by adding solute to solvent or mixing two solutions.
What is “concentration”?
- Ration comparing solute to solution
- C = n/V
What is “molar concentration”?
- chemical amount of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.
- Can use by brackets. [NaCl]
- Can be represented by “M”
What is “percent concentration”?
- number of units of solute per 100 units of solution
- pick mL & g ORR L & kg
What is “part per million concentration”?
- number of units of mass of the solute per million units of solution
- mg/L
- mg/kg
Molar concentration of ions in solution after ______ or ______ is ______ to the mole ratio of the balanced equation.
- dissociation
- ionization
- proportional
What is “standard solution” ?
- solution of an accurately known concentration
What is “dilution”?
- Adding water to decrease the concentration of a solution
Acids in Empirical and Arrhenius Theory
Empirical: Blue to Red and are electrolytes.
Arrhenius: Ionize to form Hydrogen ions
H+
Bases in Empirical and Arrhenius Theory
Empirical: Red to Blue, and are electrolytes.
Arrhenius: Dissociate to form Hydroxide.
OH - ions
How to identify acid and bases from chemical formula?
- Acids will start with H with an anion after, OR end in COOH
- Bases will have OH as the anion.
How to write Acids in classical and IUPAC acid name?
- ends with an “ide” do -> hydro ___ ic acid
- end with an “ate” do -> ___ic acid
- end with an “ite” do -> ___ous acid.
IUPAC: Just add aqueous
How to remember the acid name?
ide - Crush: “ide (hi)” You: “Hi…ick…”
ate - You: (ate something icky)
ite - Homie: “ight” meaning “out” (ous)
Steps to prepare solution
- Calc mass of solid required
- Now measure the mass you require using a balance
- Dissolve with half the amount of water
- Transfer to a volumetric flask using a funnel
- Add water with eye dropper
- Invert to shake
In modern Arrhenius theory, acids that react with water produce?
- Hydronium ions and conjugate base
In modern Arrhenius theory, bases that react with water produce?
- Hydroxide ions and conjugate acid
H20 + H20?
- H30 + OH
Ionic Hydroxide
- Base
- Dissociate
Molecular compounds
- Acid
- React with water
Ionic compounds
- Dissociate first
- Take anion and react with water
Metallic oxide
- Basic
- React with water
- Dissociate
Non-metallic oxide
- Acidic
- React with water
- Take the new product and react with water again
Aqueous solutions, at 25C, they can be classified as.
- Neutral. pH = 7
- Acidic. pH <7
- Basic. pH >7
pH/pOH = ?
-log[ ]
[H30/OH] = ?
10^ - pH/pOH
SA & SB Major Entities
- Products and Water
WA & WB Major Entities
- Reactants
Monoprotic
- One Hydrogen Atom
- One charge
Polyprotic
- More than one Hydrogen Atom
- > 1 charge
- Keep going until monoprotic
- Reaction with water decreases with each step (gets weaker)
Major Entities in high & low solubility in Ionic Compounds
- High: Separate
- Low: Stay
Major Entities in high & low solubility in Molecular
- High: Stay
- Low: Stay
Major Entities in high & low solubility in Bases
- High: Separate
- Low: Stay
Major Entities in high solubility in Strong Acids
- High: Separate
Major Entities in high solubility in Weak Acids
- High: Stay
