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Chem > Bonding > Flashcards

Bonding Flashcards

1
Q

Ions:

A
  • When an atoms loses or gains electrons
  • Wants to fill valence shell
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2
Q

Cations:

A
  • positively charged ions
  • loses electrons, more protons
  • can have roman numerals
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3
Q

Anions:

A
  • negatively charged ion
  • gains electrons
  • “-ide” ending
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4
Q

How do ionic compounds form?

A
  • By transferring valence electrons
  • Held by ionic bond (electrostaic attraction)
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5
Q

How do you write ionic compound formula?

A
  1. Write cation & anion symbol
  2. Balance
  3. Subscripts, brackets for polyatomic ions
  4. State of matter
  5. Dot for hydrate
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5
Q

Orbital:

A
  • Volume of space an electron is likely to be found
  • Half filled: Unpaired, lonely, wants to bond
  • Filled: Lone pair, partners, non bonding
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6
Q

Valence electrons:

A
  • Outer shell
  • Left over electrons
  • Used for bonding
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7
Q

Electronegativity:

A
  • Ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons
  • Stronger when close to nucleus
  • More protons, electronegativity strong
  • Going up, electronegativity strong
  • Going right, electronegativity strong
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8
Q

Stable Octet:

A
  • Complete valence shell
  • More Stable
  • Ex: Noble gasses
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8
Q

Octet rule:

A
  • Chemical reactions involving sharing or transferring electrons to have stable octet
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9
Q

Lewis Symbol:

A
  • Only shows valence electrons
  • Sides represents orbitals
  • Electrons represented with dots
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10
Q

When does an ion form a crystal lattice?

A
  • They arrange where the maximum attraction between cations & anions are present
  • Ionic bonding will be non directional in a crystal lattice
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11
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

A
  • Hard, non directional
  • Brittle
  • High melting & boiling point, lots of energy to break
  • Soluble in water
  • Conduct electricity, in liquid state
  • Stable, doesn’t react with SATP
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12
Q

What is a molecule?

A
  • Unit of fixed numbers of non-metallic atoms held by a covalent bond
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13
Q

Molecular elements:

A
  • Two or more nonmetallic atoms of the same element joined by a covalent bond
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14
Q

Diatomic elements:

A
  • 2 atoms of the same element
  • H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2,
15
Q

Polyatomic elements:

A
  • MANY atoms of the same element
  • P4, S8, O3
16
Q

Bonding capacity:

A
  • MAX single covalent bond an atom can form
  • Determined by number of bonding electrons
16
Q

Molecular compounds:

A
  • Two or more nonmetallic atoms of different elements joined by a covalent bond
16
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A
  • Simultaneous attraction for a shared pair of bonding electrons, forming directional intermolecular force, giving each atom a complete valence shell.
  • Occurs when electronegativities are high and differences is less than or equal to 1.7
17
Q

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

A
  1. Name first element (usually lowest electronegativity)
  2. Name second element with “-ide” ending
  3. Prefixes for number of atoms ( mono, tetra )
  4. If it begins with a vowel, “a” or “o” at the end of prefixes drops. (tetroxide)
18
Q

Bond dipole:

A
  • Vector arrow pointing from low to high electronegativity
  • If the molecule’s dipole balances out, even if it has polar bonds, it’s a nonpolar molecule.
18
Q

Polar:

A
  • Electrons spend more time closer to one atomic nucleus ( uneven )
  • One side partial negative, other partial positive
  • Electronegativity difference less than or equal to 1.7 and greater than 0.4
  • Overall charge 0
18
Q

Non Polar:

A
  • Symmetrical change distribution ( even )
  • Electronegativity difference less than or equal to 0.4
19
Q

Intermolecular forces:

A
  • Forces of attraction and repulsion
  • Weaker than covalent bonds ( intramolecular forces )
20
Q

Dipole-Dipole force:

A
  • Attraction between permanent dipoles ( molecule whose ends have opposite charges )
  • MORE POLAR = STRONG
21
Q

London (dispersion) force:

A
  • Induced dipoles
  • Occurs in ALL substances
  • Strength of London force increases as the total number of electron increases
22
Q

Isoelectric molecule:

A
  • Same number of electrons = same london force
23
Q

Hydrogen bonding:

A
  • Hydrogen atom bonded with “ F, O, N” and has lone pair of electrons.
24
Q

How to name ionic compounds?

A
  1. Cation, use roman numerals if multivalent
  2. Anion, change ending to ide
  3. Water molecules, say hydrate

Chem (3 decks)

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