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GEO 101 > matter and minerals (3) > Flashcards

matter and minerals (3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Mineralogy

A

The study of minerals

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2
Q

Mineral

A

A naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical structure

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3
Q

Rock

A

A consolidated mixture of minerals

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4
Q

List five characteristics of a mineral

A 
Naturally Occurring
Generally Inorganic 
Orderly Chrystal Structure
Solid 
Definite Chemical Composition
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5
Q

Based on the definition of a mineral, which of the following- gold, liquid water, synthetic diamonds, ice, and wood- are not classified as minerals?

A

liquid water
synthetic diamonds
wood

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6
Q

Atom

A

The smallest particle that exists as an element

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

The small, heavy core of an atom that contains all of its positive charge and most of its mass

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8
Q

Proton

A

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

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9
Q

Neutrons

A

A subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom. The neutron is electrically neutral, with a mass approximately equal to that of a proton

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10
Q

Electrons

A

A negatively charged subatomic particle that has a negligible mass and is found outside an atom’s nucleus

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11
Q

Valence Electrons

A

The electrons involved in the bonding process; the electrons occupying the highest principal energy level of an atom

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12
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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13
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means

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14
Q

Periodic Table

A

An arrangement of the elements in which atomic number increases from the left to right and elements with similar properties appear in columns called families or groups

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15
Q

Chemical Compound

A

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions and usually having properties different from those of its constituent elements

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16
Q

Chemical Bond

A

A strong attractive force that exists between atoms in a substance. It involves the transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each atom to attain a full valence shell

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17
Q

Octet Rule

A

A rule which states that atoms combine in order that each may have the electron arrangement of a noble gas (that is, the outer energy level contains eight neutrons)

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18
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions that is formed by the transfer of valence electrons from one atom to the other

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19
Q

Ion

A

An atom or a molecule that possesses an electrical charge

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20
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A chemical bond produced by the sharing of electrons

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21
Q

Metallic Bond

A

A chemical bond that is present in all metals that may be characterized as an extreme type of electron sharing in which the electrons move freely from atom to atom

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22
Q

How does an atom become a positive ion? A negative ion?

A

If an electron leaves it becomes positive

If an electron is gained it becomes negative

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23
Q

Describe three ways minerals can form.

A

Precipitate from solution
Crystalize magma
Organisms

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24
Q

Diagnostic Properties

A

Properties of minerals that aid in mineral identification. Taste or feel, crystal shape, and streak are examples of diagnostic properties

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25
Q

Ambiguous Properties

A

Properties of minerals that may vary among different samples of the same mineral, such as color

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26
Q

Luster

A

The appearance of quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral

27
Q

Color

A

A phenomenon of light by which otherwise identical objects may be differentiated

28
Q

Streak

A

The color of a mineral in powdered form

29
Q

Habitat

A

Refers to the common or characteristic shape of a crystal or an aggregate of crystals

30
Q

Hardness

A

A mineral’s resistance to scratching and abrasion

31
Q

Mohs scale

A

A series of 10 minerals used as a standard in determining hardness

32
Q

Cleavage

A

The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding

33
Q

Fracture

A

Any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken place

34
Q

Tenacity

A

Describes a mineral’s toughness or resistance to breaking or deforming

35
Q

Density

A

A property of mater defined as mass per unit volume

36
Q

Specific Gravity

A

The ratio of a substance’s weight to the weight of an equal volume of water

37
Q

Crystal

A

Any natural solid with an ordered, repetitive atomic structure

38
Q

Unit Cell

A

The smallest group of atoms, ions, or molecules that form the building block of a crystal

39
Q

Steno’s Law- Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles

A

A law which states that the angle between equivalent faces of the same mineral is always the same

40
Q

Polymorphs

A

Two or more minerals that have the same chemical composition but different crystalline structures. Exemplified by the diamond and graphite forms of carbon

41
Q

Rock-Forming Minerals

A

The relatively few minerals that make up most of the rocks in Earth’s crust

42
Q

Economic Mineral

A

A concentration of a mineral resource or reserve that can be profitably extracted from Earth

43
Q

Silicate

A

Any one of numerous minerals that have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as their basic structure

44
Q

Nonsilicates

A

Mineral groups that lack silicas in their structures and account for less than 10% of Earth’s crust

45
Q

List the 8 most common elements in Earth’s crust

A 
Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
Iron
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
46
Q

Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

A

A structure composed of four oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom that constitutes the basic building block of silicate minerals

47
Q

Polymerization

A

The ability of silicate tetrahedra to link to one another in a variety of configurations, including chains, sheets, and three-dimensional structures

48
Q

Nonferromagnesian/Light Silicates

A

A silicate mineral that lacks iron and/or magnesium. Light silicates are generally lighter in color and have lower specific gravities than dark silicates

49
Q

Potassium Feldspar

A

An abundant, relatively hard light silicate mineral containing potassium ions in its structure

50
Q

Plagioclase Feldspar

A

A relatively hard light silicate mineral containing both sodium and calcium ions that freely substitute for one another depending on the crystallization environment

51
Q

Quarts

A

A common silicate mineral consisting entirely of silicon and oxygen that resists weathering

52
Q

Muscovite

A

A common member of the mica family of minerals with excellent cleavage

53
Q

Clay

A

A group of light-colored silicates that typically form as products of a chemical weathering of igneous rocks. It is a major component of soil and sedimentary rocks.

54
Q

Kaolinite

A

A common clay mineral derived from the weathering of feldspar

55
Q

Ferromagnesian/Dark Silicates

A

A silicate mineral that contains ions of iron and/or magnesium in its structure. Dark silicates are dark in color and have higher specific gravity than nonferromagnesian silicates

56
Q

Olivine

A

A high-temperature, dark silicate mineral typically found in basalt

57
Q

Augite

A

A black, opaque silicate mineral of the pyroxene group that is a dominant component of basalt

58
Q

Hornblende

A

A dark green to black mineral of the amphibole group, often found in igneous rocks

59
Q

Biotite

A

A dark, iron-rich mineral and member of the mica family that displays excellent cleavage

60
Q

Garnet

A

A silicate mineral composed of individual silica tetrahedra. Garnet is most often brown to deep red and has a glassy luster, lacks cleavage, and exhibits conchoidal fracture

61
Q

Calcite

A

Calcium carbonate (CaCo3), one of the two most common carbonate minerals

62
Q

Dolomite

A

Calcium/magnesium carbonate (CaMg(Co3)2), one of the two most common carbonate minerals

63
Q

Halite

A

The mineral name for common table salt (NaCl); a nonsilicate mineral commonly found in sedimentary rocks

64
Q

Gypsum

A

A hydrate calcium sulfate mineral. It is the mineral of which plaster, drywall, and other similar building materials are composed

GEO 101 (19 decks)

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