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enec 202 > matter and energy > Flashcards

matter and energy Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

everything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

mass

A

amount of matter

doesnt change unless matter does

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3
Q

weight

A

how strongly mass is pulled by gravity

weight can change (ex: planets)

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4
Q

element

A

pure chemical substance

cannot be further transformed

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5
Q

compound

A

2 or more elements combined

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6
Q

atom

A

3 subatomic particles

smallest form of matter

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7
Q

atomic number

A

determines the number of protons in an elements nuclei

elements have same # of protons in nuclei

top left corner on periodic table

bottom left corner when written out (6C, 6 is below C to the left)

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8
Q

mass number

A

determines the # of neutrons

total number of protons and neutrons

written above the atomic #

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9
Q

how can you find the number of neutrons when given mass and atomic #

A

atomic # - mass #

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10
Q

isotope

A

different number of neutrons than protons

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11
Q

electronegativity

A

level of attraction for shared electrons

more electronegative=stronger pull of electrons

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12
Q

ion

A

charged atoms that have gained or lost an electron

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13
Q

electron shell

A

concentric energy levels of electrons

electrons closest to nucleus have lowest potential energy

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14
Q

valence

A

outermost (valence) shell determines the behavior of the atom

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15
Q

orbital

A

3d space where electrons are most likely to occur

each orbital can only contain 1-2 electrons

1st shell is closest to nucleus

2nd shell can contain up to 8 (2 in 4 orbitals)

all shells past this also have a limit of 8

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16
Q

chemical bond

A

form a molecule

held together by IMFs

occur in the molecule and hold atoms together

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17
Q

chemical reaction

A

transforms one type of matter to another type

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18
Q

chemical change

A

change in matter from a chemical reaction

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19
Q

IMF

A

no sharing of electrons

push and pull forces

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20
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

strongest type of IMF

electronegative atom bonded to H atom

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21
Q

physical change

A

IMFs that are broken

matter is transformed, not changed

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22
Q

On the periodic table:

group 1 is

group 18 is

A

highly reactive alkali metals

unreactive noble gases

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23
Q

an element is composed of

A

a single atom type

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24
Q

on the periodic table, properties are shared with

A

groups (columns)

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25
Q

protons and neutrons both have

A

the same mass and location (in nucleus)

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26
Q

electrons

A

around nucleus, extremely small mass

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27
Q

net zero electric charge means

A

same number or protons and electrons

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28
Q

atomic number represents

A

number of protons (and electrons when there is no charge)

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29
Q

molecule

A

electrically neutral

smallest unit of a form of matter that possesses the chemical properties of that matter

ex. O2

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30
Q

covalent bonds between 2 electrons with different electronegativity causes

A

electrons to be shared unequally

the more electronegative atom gains more electrons and therefore becomes more negative

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31
Q

anion

A

gains the electron

negative charge

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32
Q

cation

A

loses electron

positive charge

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33
Q

ionic bond

A

attraction between cation and anion opposite charges

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34
Q

covalent bond

A

atoms share valence electrons

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35
Q

solid

A

strong IMF forces

tightly packed molecules

molecules cannot be displaced

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36
Q

fluids

A

liquids and gasses

can flow and move through space

constant random motion

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37
Q

liquid

A

medium IMFs

continuous movement

slower than a gas

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38
Q

gas

A

negligible IMFs

far apart molecules

high speeds

take the shape and volume of their container

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39
Q

organic molecule

A

part of organismal tissue

contains carbon

all other molecules are inorganic

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40
Q

macros

A

carbs, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids

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41
Q

carbs

A

saccharides, organic

only composed of C H O

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42
Q

amino acids

A

amine, carboxylic acid

build proteins

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43
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

genetic expression and translation

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44
Q

polar molecule

A

pos/neg charged ends

caused by different electronegativities and unequal electron sharing

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45
Q

polar covalent bond

A

electrons are unequally shared

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46
Q

25 elements are

A

essential to life.

O, C, H, N are 96% of organisms

Calc, Phos, Pota, Sulfur = other 4%

rest are called trace elements

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47
Q

CHONPS

A

chemical composition of organic molecules

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48
Q

lipid

A

energy storage functions, messenger functions

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49
Q

phospholipid

A

hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads

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50
Q

mass of an atom

A

proton mass + neutron mass

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51
Q

hydrogen has 3 isotopes

A

H w/ a mass number of 2 is deuterium which is heavy water

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52
Q

vibrational kinetic energy

A

trembling movement of atoms in a molecule

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53
Q

rotational kinetic energy

A

random spinning of molecules along any axis

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54
Q

translational energy

A

movement of molecules through space

55
Q

non random translational kinetic energy

A

directed movements

56
Q

random translational kinetic energy

A

unpredictable molecular movement

57
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored within a system that has capacity to do work under certain conditions

58
Q

atomic potential energy

A

energy that bonds subatomic particles

59
Q

molecular/ chemical potential energy

A

energy stored in bonds between atoms

60
Q

gravitational potential energy

A

energy associated with relative position to Earth

61
Q

intermolecular potential energy

A

energy associated with attraction between molecules

inbetween molecules

62
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated with movement of an object or substance

63
Q

TKE

A

vibrational, rotational, random translational kinetic energies

assessed by measuring temperature

64
Q

Temperature

A

measure of average TKE in a substance

not a form of TKE
not the total TKE

65
Q

EM radiation

A

wave shaped vibration of electric and magnetic fields that travel at the speed of light

no medium required, self propagating

66
Q

wavelength

A

distance from peak to peak or trough to trough

67
Q

frequency

A

rate of occilation, determined by energy amount

68
Q

high energy waves =

A

short wavelengths and high frequency

69
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of transfer of TKE as a function of changes in a systems internal energy and work done by or to a system

70
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy can be changed from one form to another but it can never be created or destroyed

71
Q

Heat (Q)

A

the process that transfers TKE within or between something

72
Q

work

A

product of force and distance upon which the force acts

73
Q

when a fluid expands the volume…. and the ……. does work causing U to ……..

A

increases, fluid, decrease

74
Q

when a fluid is compressed the volume…. and the ……. does work causing U to ……..

A

decreases, environment, increase

75
Q

adiabatic processes

A

processes in which internal energy of a parcel of fluid (liquid/gas) is changed without any heat transfer between the parcel and the environment

76
Q

EM radiation from a body is proportional to

A

its temp

77
Q

Plancks Law

A

describes the relationship between intensity of emitted radiation at a given wavelength

78
Q

intensity of emitted radiation at a given wavelength is never

A

0 if the t is greater than 0K

79
Q

Plancks Law states that

A

at any temp, body will emit radiation at all wavelengths simultaneously

total intensity of emitted radiation by a blackbody is positively correlated with blackbody temperature

80
Q

peak wavelength of emission

A

wavelength when radiation is emitted at highest intensity

81
Q

wavelength of peak intensity increases with

A

temperature

82
Q

wiens displacement

A

peak wavelength of emission is inversely proportional to temp of emitting body

83
Q

warmer objects emit radiation at ….. wavelengths

A

shorter

84
Q

stefan boltzman

A

energy emitted from a blackbody is positively related to temp of that body

85
Q

warmer objects emit radiation at a greater

A

rate than cooler objects

86
Q

reflection

A

a deflection of radiation

no change in TKE or frequency

87
Q

transmission

A

EM radiation passes thru

no change in TKE, wavelength, or frequency

88
Q

absorption

A

energy in EM radiation is transformed to movement of molecules on surface

increases TKE of substance

wave disappears

equal TKE is transferred to the object that absorbs wave

89
Q

conduction

A

transfer of TKE between adjacent particles if they are not at equilibrium

90
Q

convection

A

transport of particles and associated TKE in fluids via circulation of fluids

91
Q

heat capacity

A

amount of energy required to change temp of a substance

92
Q

entropy

A

how energy is distributed in a system

93
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

energy always flows from high to low concentrations until equilibrium

94
Q

density

A

mass per unit volume

95
Q

buoyancy

A

forces that pushes a parcel up in fluids

96
Q

melting

A

solid to liquid

97
Q

sublimation

A

solid to gas

98
Q

condensation

A

gas to liquid

99
Q

deposition

A

gas to solid

100
Q

evaporation

A

liquid to gas

101
Q

freezing

A

liquid to solid

102
Q

latent heat of fusion

A

energy required to move from liquid to solid

103
Q

latent heat of vaporization

A

energy required to move from liquid to gas

104
Q

sensible heat

A

if thermal energy is transferred and TKE of substance changes

how temp changes as a function of energy added or removed

105
Q

solids have lowest

A

TKE

gasses have the highest

106
Q

the closer atoms are to 8 electrons,

A

the more electronegative they are

107
Q

reactivity

A

capacity to react with other atoms

gaining or losing

high reactivity doesnt always mean high electronegativity

108
Q

H2 is a

A

covalent bond

109
Q

covalent vs ionic

A

difference in electronegativity

if there is one atom with high electronegativity and one with low, the bond will be ionic because the one with high electronegtivity will steal the electron

110
Q

hydrogen bonds are not

A

chemical bonds

they are IMFs

they are a physical change

111
Q

solids do have

A

vibrational energy

112
Q

state changes are

A

physical changes because no bonds are severed

113
Q

liquids have

A

random translational motion

114
Q

severing chemical bonds =

A

chemical change

severing hydrogen bonds doesn’t equal chemical change

115
Q

Stefan Boltzmann is the area

A

under Planck’s curve

116
Q

low frequency means a

A

large wavelength

117
Q

lower lambda max means

A

higher intensity

118
Q

convection is caused by

A

density

when density at the bottom of a pot is lower it rises

119
Q

hot water is less dense because it

A

has higher TKE

120
Q

convection is heat because

A

TKE is being transferred from hotter particles at top to cooler particles at bottom

121
Q

convection and conduction and radiation …… entropy

A

increase

122
Q

convection doesnt happen

A

at the particle level, it happens at a larger scale

its not parcel A vs parcel B, its the parcels vs the temp around them

123
Q

hotter air

A

rises

124
Q

solids cannot have

A

random translational motion

125
Q

thermal kinetic energy is

A

random

non random does not contribute to TKE

126
Q

if a molecule is at 0k=K

A

no energy is present and all motion has stopped

127
Q

substances that requires less change in heat to change their temp have a ….. heat capacity than substances that require more

A

lower

128
Q

low heat capacity means less required energy. molecule will heat up …… than high capacity because it requires ……. energy

A

faster

less

129
Q

radiation

A

heat transfer process, movement of TKE

130
Q

emission

A

where the wave of EM comes from

131
Q

EM radiation comes from

A

TKE

132
Q

lambda max

A

wiens law

what wavelength emits the most intense energy

133
Q

higher temp = ……. wavelength of max intensity

A

lower

134
Q

higher frequency of max intensity = …….. temp

A

higher

enec 202 (12 decks)

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