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Animal Behavior > Mating systems > Flashcards

Mating systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mating system?

A

The mating system describes how males and females pair when choosing a mate.

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2
Q

Why do males and females appraoch mating with different recipies.

A

This is because they have different investments in reproduction.

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3
Q

How many chromosomes fo asexually reproducing animals offspring recieve.

A

They pass on all of their genes and chromosomes.

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4
Q

How many copies of chromosomes do diploidly sexually reproducing animals have?

A

2 copies of each chromosomes.

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5
Q

How many copies of each chromosome do diploidly sexually reproducing organims pass to their offspring?

A

They pass on one copy of each chromosome on the egg and sperm.

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6
Q

Which is more common in nature? sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction

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7
Q

What is the advantage and cost of sexual reproduction?

A

Cost: Only pass on 1/2 of total genes to offspring.
Advantage: Genetic recombination (this allows them to be genetically diverse).

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction increases the chances of acquiring favorable mutation and is unlikely to propagate deleterious ones.

(True or falses)

A

True

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9
Q

When is genetic recombination or genetic diversity advantageous?

A

In changing environments.

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10
Q

What organism chooses asexual reproduction in stable conditions?

A

Aphids

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11
Q

What is the advantages of genetic diversity?

A
  • Increase in favorable mutation.
  • Decrease in the propagation of deleterious genes.
  • Best for changing environments.
  • Evolutionary defenses against parasites and diseases (seen in Mud snails)
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12
Q

Which species show the advanatage of genetic diversity. In the sense of evolutionary defenses agaisnt parasites and diseases.

A

Mud snail

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13
Q

What does sexual reproduction involves?

A

Evolutionary differentiation of females and males.

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14
Q

Female gamtes vs Male gamtes.

A
  • Females produces less gametes (eggs) than males and invest great in each gamete.
  • Male produce a lot og gemetes (sperms) than females and have low investment in each one .

(due to the high investment of eggs females spend more care choosing ma

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15
Q

Nearly all females in a population mate and have offspring, but relatively few males mate successfully

(True or false)

A

True

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16
Q

Variance of mating sucess in females vs males.

A

Female variance in mating success is low meanwhile male variance in mating success is high.

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17
Q

Males that mate with multiple females tend to have a higher reproductive output but those that do not have this (many) may have little to no output.

(True ir false)

A

True

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18
Q

What does the bateman’s principle suggesttions for fitness of females and males agaisntmating frequencies?

A
  • For females mating frequency increases and so fitness is relatively constant.
  • Males fitness increases as their mating frequency does.
19
Q

What is the key element of the mating system?

A

Mate choice/ choosing a mate.

20
Q

Why are females the chooser ones within a species than males?

A

This is because they have higher investment in their offsprings and so have developed multiple traits in which they look for in a male so that their offsprings will be successful.

21
Q

What are the 3 things that females will prefer males for?

A
  • Good genes
  • Possession of resources
  • Parential care.
22
Q

Due to female selection for mate males undergo a strong sexual selection.

(True or false)

A

True

23
Q

Females that carefully select their mate are in low risk of losing their investment.

(true or false)

A

True

24
Q

Selection favors females that shoose mate that enhances likelihood of offsprings success.

(True or false)

A

True

25
Q

When does male male choice come into play?

(2 ways in which this is approrpiate)

A
  1. When males are heavily involved in parential care for their offspring.
  2. When there is a great variation in female quality within the population.
26
Q

What does male mating choice do to females?

(does selection act on them more?)

A

Females will then undergo sexual selection in which they evolve ornaments or coloration.

27
Q

How many type of mating systems are there? Name them.

A

4 types.
1. Monogamy
2. Polygyny
3. Polyandry
4. Promiscuity

28
Q

What is monogamy in animals?

A

This is when they have one mating parthner.

29
Q

Which species monogamy is mainly found in?

A

Bird species. This type of mating system is usually rare in animals.

30
Q

What is the theritical actions of animals in monogamy?

A
  • Contribute to parential care
  • Defense
31
Q

Is most monogamous animals truly monogamous?

A

No.

32
Q

Why do monogamous species have serial monogamy or extra-pair copulations ?

A

In order to increase genetic variation in offsprings.
Males do it for reproductive success.

33
Q

What is the turly monogamous species own to data?

A

Flatworm (Diplozoon Paradoxum). They fused together and spend their lifetime sucking blood from the gills of fishes.

34
Q

What is polygyny

A

One male and multiple females.

35
Q

Where is polygyn commonly found?

A

In mamals

36
Q

What is polygyny used by males for?

(advantage of it)

A

To increase their reproductive fitness.

37
Q

What are the 3 types of polygyny and explain each one.

A
  1. Leks- Females find males more attractive in groups than singles. So males walk in groups when looking for mates.
  2. Harems- A defesned group of females by one males. Females are in the group for defense herded by one male. Male may compete to gain control of the group.
  3. Resource defense polygyny: Females are attracted to the resources so males compete for territorial ownership of resource and by extendion mating priority.
38
Q

What is polyandry?

A

Multiple males to One female.

39
Q

Types of polyandry and describe them.

A

Coorperative polyandry : Seen in Galapagos Hawks. All males mate with the female and she recieves brood provisioning by all the males.
Resource strategy polyandry: Where females control resources so they control mating associations. (seen in Spotted Sandpiper).

40
Q

What is Polygyandry?

A

Where multiple males mate with multiple females.

41
Q

Which species rely on Polygyandry?

A

Chimpanzees and Bonobos.

42
Q

How is polygyandry seen as advantageous from the female perspective?

(3 reasons)

A
  1. Paternity confusion
  2. Decreased infanticide
  3. Multiple males care for brood.
43
Q

What is promiscuity?

A

Mate randomly and have no pair bonds.
This is not appropriate in unpredictable or changing environment.

Animal Behavior (6 decks)

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