Mathis - Topic 3 Flashcards
progressives
mainly middle-class people who believed that industrialization and urbinazition had created troubling social and political problems
wanted to bring reforms to these problems and injustices
use logic and reason to make society work in a more efficient and orderly way
believed highly educated leaders should use modern ideas and scientific techniques to improve society
3 different goals:
1. political reform
2. big business - wanted government to “bust the trusts” and create more economic opportunites for smaller businesses
3. class system, these ones often motivated by religion and wanted to reduce the gap between rich and poor. attacked harsh working conditions for miners, factory workers, child laborers, other workers. wanted to improve conditions in city slums. wanted social welfare laws to help children, workers, and consumers
main goal of progressive women was to improve family life, so they pusehd for laws that could help mothers keep families healthy and safe (eg: temperance movement)
populist
mostly farmers
muckraker
progressives. Theodore Roosevelt agrreed with most of what they said but he thought they were too fascinated with the ugliest side of things and dramatized the need for reform. he gave them the name muckraker. their articles appeared in widespread magazines/newspapers and revealed conditions, horrifying people across the nation. their accounts prompted Americans to push for reforms. how they shape American opinion.
Social Gospel
blend of ideas from German socialism and American progressivism that followed Bible teachings about charity and justice so people could make society the kingdom of God. called for the end child labor and long working hours, wanted shorter workweek, urged government to limit power of corporations and trusts
made by Walter Rauschenbusch
Walter Rauschenbusch
made Social Gospel
settlement house
community center that provided social services to the urban poor. gave moms classes in child care, taught English to immigrants, and ran nursery schools and kindergartens
Keating-Owens Act
banned child labor in all states, but was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court 2 years later
Lochner v. New York
Supreme Court ruled that laws limiting the workday to ten hours were unconstitutional
direct primary
election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections
initiative
gave people the power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting citizens’ signatures on a petition
referendum
allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature
recall
gave voters the power to remove public servants from office before their terms ended
17th amendment
American citizens themselves elect their own senators rather than allowing state legislatures to do so
Florence Kelley
believed that women were hurt by unfair prices for goods they had to buy to run their homes, so she founded the NCL
also helped form the WTUL
National Consumers League (NCL)
founded by Florence Kelley
gave special labels to goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working conditions and urged women to buy them and avoid products that did not have these labels
backed laws calling for the government to inspect meatpacking plans, make workplaces safer, and make payments to the unemployed
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)
Florence Kelley helped form this
tried to improve conditions for female factory workers
one of the few groups in which upper and working-class women served together as leaders
pusehd for federal laws that set a minimum wage and 8 hour workday
created the first workers’ strike fund, which could be used to help support families who refused to work in unsafe/unfair ocnditions
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
led temperance movement and gained strength during progressive era
Frances Willard
led the WCTU and her work contributed to the 18th amendment
18th amendment
outlawed the production and sale of alcohol
Margaret Sanger
operated the country’s first birth-control clinic and jailed several times as a “public nuisance” for distributing information about birth control
founded the American Birth Control League
Ida B. Wells
black woman who helped form the NACW
in NAACP, planned strategy or using litigation in courts to challenge unfair laws and expand the right to vote
National Assoociation of Colored Women (NACW)
Ida B. Wells helped form it
helped families strive for success and assisted those who were less fortunate
with money raised from educated black women they set up daycare centers to protect and educate black children
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
formed the National Woman Suffarage Association
Carrie Chapman Catt
reenergized the national suffrage effort through NAWSA and became its president
was cautious about new methods used by social activists but added them to her tactics at NAWSA
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
president was Carrie Chapman Catt
merger of National Woman Suffrage Association and a rival women’s suffrage group
included women from all races and levels of society
Florence Kelley
Catt’s winning plan
called for action on 2 fronts for suffrage
1. lobby congress to pass a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote
2. use new referendum process to try to pass state suffrage laws
social activists
organized mass parades and rallies
suffrage movement’s new leaders
expanded suffrage movement’s goals to include calls for improvements in education, reforms of corrupt governemnt, and lagbor reforms (eg: passage of child labor laws), linking it with progressivism and making it more appealing to working women
when did more college-educated women join the suffrage movement?
probably around the time of the new leaders (when suffrage movement expanded its goals)
Alice Paul
Quaker encouraged to be independent while she was being raised in her home and formed the NWP
believed drastic steps were needed to get the right to vote
National Woman’s Party (NWP)
formed by Alice Paul and used public protest marches
first group to march with picket signs outside the white house
some went on hunger strikes in jail, some of them, including Alice Paul, were force-fed
their methods angered many people, including other suffrage groups
helped women win the right to vote because their actions drew attention to their cause and made less-radical groups (eg: NAWSA) look tame by comparision
The National Asociation Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWSA)
believed that the effort to win the vote would take women’s attention away from family and volunteer work that benefited society in many ways
19th amendment
the right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex
Americanization movement
by Progressives
taught immigrants English and changed how they lived
advised them how to dress like white middle-class Americans and replace their foods and customs with Protestant ones
assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal and moral citizens
found immigrants’ use of alcohol alarming, believing it showed moral faults
temperance movement
no alcohol
one force behind it was prejudice against immigrants
Plessy v. Ferguson
upheld Jim Crow laws, then states across north and south passed segregation laws after
Booker T. Washington
told blacks to have patience and move slowly towards racial progress by working hard to gradually win whites’ respect and earn voting rights
only taught trade skills
W.E.B. Du Bois
urged blacks to immediately demand all the rights guaranteed by the Constitution
believed blacks should be taught history, literature, and philosophy so they could think for themselves
in NAACP
Niagara Movement
denounced the idea of gradual progress and said Booker T. Washington was too willing to compromise blacks’ basic rights and condemned his notion of only teaching trade skills
believed blacks should be taught history, literature, and philosophy so they could think for themselves
Natoinal Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
fomred by white reformers and leaders of the Niagara Movement
political organization that helped blacks be free from peonage (forced, low-paid labor), ignorance, disfranchisement, and insult
their leaders were white and black, including some women from 3.2
Ida B. Wells and others planned the group’s strategy of using litigation (process of taking legal action) in courts to challenge unfair laws and expand the right to vote
in early 1900s focused on equal access to decent housing and professional careers (eg: teaching)
had W.E.B. DuBois
helped middle-class blacks
Urban League
formed from over 100 employment agencies and relief effort groups made by local black clubs and churces
focused on poorer workers
Anti-Defamation League
formed by B’nai B’rith in reponse to growing anti-Semitism (anti-Jew)
defended Jews and others against physical and verbal attacks, false statements, and to secure justice and fair treatment to all citizens alike
expanded political rights for Jews and others
led efforts to expand economic opportunities for Jews and other minorities in response to some businesses refusing to hire or serve Jews
B’nai B’rith
formed by Jews in New York to provide religious education and to help Jewish families
Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM)
formed by Mexican Americans in Arizona
offered Mexican Americans many of the same services that the Urban League gave to blacks
mutualistas
formed by Mexican Americans in several states
groups that made loans and proved legal assistance
had insurance programs to help members if they were too sick to work
American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
made all Native Americans US citizens, including the right to vote
official reason was to reward Native Americans for their service in WWI, but supporters also hoped that the reform would help Americanization
Gentlemen’s Agreement
informal agreement between US and Japan where US promised not to impose restrictions on Japanese imimgration and Japan promised not to allow further emigration to the US
how did Theodore Roosevelt become president?
got noticed by president William McKinley and became his vice president (Republican leaders in the senate convinced MicKinley to choose Roosevelt as his running mate so Roosevelt would leave New York because his Progressive reform efforts annoyed them)
McKinley then got assassinated so Roosevelt became president
square deal
Roosevelt’s program to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor
he compared it to a hand of cards. you live life regardless of the cards you are dealt
Department of Commerce and Labor
monitored business engaged in interstate commerce
Interstate Commerce Commission
oversaw rail charges for shipments that passed through more than one state and to make sure that all shippers were charged the same amounts
Elkins Act
imposed fines on railroads that gave special rates to favored shippers
Hepburn Act
gave the ICC greater powers. they could now set maximum shipping rates
set maximum rates for ferries, toll bridges, and oil piplines
gave any ruling by the ICC the legal force of a court order
Meat Inspection Act
provided federal agents with the power to inspect any meat sold across state lines and required federal inspection of meat-processing plants
Pure Food and Drug Act
placed the same controls as the Meat Inspection Act on other foods and on medicines
banned the interstate shipment of impure food and mislabeling of food and drugs
Antiquities Act of 1906
establiehd 5 national parks and 18 national monuments
National Reclamation Act
federal government could decide where and how water would be distributed
Payne-Aldrich Act
lowered tariffs, but not as much as President Roosevelt wanted
Underwood Tariff Bill
included a provision to create a graduated income tax (wealth pay a higher percentage of their income than poor do) to make up for the loss of tariff revenue
Sixteenth Amendment
gave Congress the power to collect an income tax without restrictions
Federal Reserve Act
placed commercial banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board, which set up regional banks to hold the reserve funds from those commercial banks
helps protect American economy from having too much money end up in the hands of one person, bank, or region
Federal Trade Commission
monitored business practices that might lead to monopoly
Clayton Antitrust Act
strengthened earlier antitrust laws by spelling out those activities in which businesses could not engage
Adamson Act
limited railroad employees’ workdays to 8 hours
issues of the 1912 election
Taft’s agenda was different from Roosevelts even though Roosevelt expected him to continue his programs of managing business and natrual resources which is why he helped him win presidency
Taft soon set his own agenda, infuriating Roosevelt and other Republican Progressives
Republican Party split between Roosevelt (he was running for a third presidential term) and Taft
Roosevelt and his supporters split to the Progressive Party, Taft had Republicans
Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) and his party used the opportunity of the Republican Party splitting to win presidency
Progressive Party helped Wilson by splitting the Republican vote (Wilson did not win the majority of the popular vote but receieved more than 4 times the number of Electoral College votes that went to Roosevelt or Taft)
legacy of progressives
initiative, referendum, recall, and 17th and 19th amendments expanded voters’ influence
their reforms paved the way for future trends
federal government grew to offer more protection to Americans while gaining more control over their lives
greatly expanded the government’s role in managing natural resources
imperialism
when one country dominates political, social, or economical of another country
extractive economies
imperial country extracted raw materials from the colony and shipped them to the home country, giving them an ege in the competition for global resources
US economic issues in the late 1800s
surplus of goods
declining crop prices and profits for farmers
What did industrialists urge America to do during its economic issues in the late 1800s?
to expand trade into new oversease markets where American commodities could be sold, otherwise American factories would close and unemployment would rise
US military expansion in the late 1800s
expanded and modified its navy by building new steel-plated steam-powered battleships such as the USS Maine
Alfred Thayer Mahan urged the US to make that modern navy fleet
social Darwinism
belief that life consists of competitive struggles in which only the fittest survive
social darwinist beliefs
certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore were destined to rule over inferior peoples and cultures
if US remained isolated while European nations got more colonies, they would not survive
they had long believed that God had granted them the right and responsibility to settle the frontier (manifest destiny)
had a responsiblity to spread their western values
How did America expand into the Pacific?
They opened trade with Japan, took possession of the Midway Islands, and through treaties, increasesed trade with the Hawaiian Islands and got a naval base at Pearl Harbor
Seward’s Folly
journalists scoffed at Secretary of State William Seward’s purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
the purchase almost doubled the country’s size and the land turned out to be rich in timber, oil, and other natural resources
greatly expanded America’s reach over the pacific
Klondike Gold Rush
gold was discovered in several locations near Alaska, leading to settlers developing new towns in Africa
sparse settlement, lack of transportation, and physical geography challenges caused by nearby mountains and a frigid climate ended the rush
Pan-American conference
conference between America and 17 Latin American countries
1st Pan-American Conference
Secretary of State James Blaine preached the benefits of economic cooperation to the Latin American countries’ delegates
paved the way for the construction of the Pan-American Highway system, which linked the US to Central and South America
Issues in Hawaii in the early 1890s
a new US tariff law imposed duties on previously duty-free Hawaiian sugar, making it more expensive than sugar produced in the US. sugar growers in Hawaii feared that they would suffer decreasing sales and profits
Kalakaua died and Queen Liluokalani took over. She was a determined Hawaiian nationalist who resented the increasing power of white planters who owned much of the land, so she abolished the constitution that gave political power to them
Hawaii annexation to the US
with the backing of US officials, American planters overthrew Queen Liluokalani with help of US marines and set up a new government led by influential lawyer Sanford B. Dole, who askeed President Benjamin Harrison to annex Hawaii to the US
Harisson agreed but could not get the Senate approval before Grover Cleveland became president
Cleveland ordered a full investigation, revealing that most Hawaiians did not approve of the treaty, so he refused to sign it
during President McKinley’s term, Congress proclaimed Hawaii an official US territory with Dole as its first governor
