AP Bio Unit 1

Question 1

trace elements

Answer 1

a chemical element present only in minute amounts in a particular sample or environment

Question 2

Van der Waals interactions

Answer 2

slight, fleeting attractions between atoms and molecules close together

Question 3

4 emergent properties of water

Answer 3

cohesive behavior (including adhesion), moderation of temp., expansion upon freezing, and solvent of life

Question 4

solution

Answer 4

liquid, homogenous mixture of 2+ substances

Question 5

acid

Answer 5

increases H+ concentration

Question 6

base

Answer 6

reduces H+ concentration

Question 7

buffers

Answer 7

minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution (weak acids and bases)

They keep blood at pH ~7.4

If blood pH drops to 7 or goes up to 7.8, death

Question 8

Hydrocarbon

Answer 8

organic molecule consisting of only C and H

can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

Question 9

Organic compound

Answer 9

compound with C. Normally has H

Question 10

functional groups

Answer 10

components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Question 11

organic compound exceptions

Answer 11

CO2, CO

Question 12

monomers

Answer 12

small and organic molecules used for building polymers

Question 13

macromolecules

Answer 13

giant molecules made up of 2+ bonded polymers

Question 14

enzymes

Answer 14

facilitate dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

Question 15

carbohydrates

Answer 15

fuel and building material

include sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 16

monosaccharides

Answer 16

simple sugars and simplest carbohydrates. Major fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules

Formula = (CH2O)n

Question 17

triose

Answer 17

(CH2O)3

Question 18

pentose

Answer 18

(CH2O)5

Question 19

glyceraldehyde

Answer 19

initial breakdown product of glucose on cells

Question 20

hexose

Answer 20

(CH2O)6

Question 21

glucose

Answer 21

most common monosaccharide

Question 22

disaccharide

Answer 22

2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

Question 23

glycosidic linkage

Answer 23

covalent bond that forms disaccharide

Question 24

Polysaccharides

Answer 24

carbohydrate macromolecules, polymers. Have storage and structural roles

Structure and function determined by its sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages

Question 25

starch

Answer 25

storage polysaccharide in plants that consists entirely of glucose monomers

Question 26

amylose

Answer 26

simplest form of starch

Question 27

glycogen

Answer 27

storage polysaccharide in animals. Humans and other vertebrates store it mainly in liver and muscle cells. glucose polymer and largely helical

Question 28

cellulose

Answer 28

major component of the tough wall of plant cells

Polymer of glucose, but its glycosidic linkages differ

Difference is based on 2 ring forms for glucose

relatively straight

Question 29

chitin

Answer 29

found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

Also provides structural support for cell walls of many fungi

Question 30

proteins

Answer 30

have many functions and contain C, H, O, N, S

Question 31

sickle cell disease

Answer 31

inherited blood disorder resulting from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

Question 32

denaturation

Answer 32

loss of a protein’s native structure by disrupting secondary, tertiary, and primary

Question 33

hydrophobic interactions

Answer 33

hydrophobic amino acid buried in interior of protein

Question 34

salt bridges

Answer 34

ionic bonds and H bonds combine

Question 35

disulfide bonds

Answer 35

able to be formed by cysteines

Question 36

nucleotide

Answer 36

monomer of DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) that store, transmit, and help express hereditary information

Each one consists of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and 1+ phosphate groups

Question 37

polynucleotides

Answer 37

nucleic acid polymers

Question 38

nitrogenous base

Answer 38

has 1 or 2 rings that have N atoms

Question 39

nucleoside

Answer 39

portion of nucleotide without the phosphate group

Question 40

gene

Answer 40

unit of inheritance that programs amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Question 41

lipids

Answer 41

have little to no affinity for water (hydrophobic) because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons which are made of nonpolar covalent bonds

Question 42

fats

Answer 42

major function of energy storage (compact way for animals to carry their energy stores with them). constructed from 2 types of smaller molecules

Question 43

glycerol

Answer 43

3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon and consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

Question 44

saturated fatty acid

Answer 44

have maximum # of H atoms possible and no double bonds

Question 45

unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 45

have 1+ double bonds

Question 46

saturated fat

Answer 46

solid at room temperature

Question 47

unsaturated fat

Answer 47

liquid at room temperature

Question 48

Triacylglycerol

Answer 48

In a fat, 3 fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage to make this fat molecule

Question 49

phospholipids

Answer 49

major constituents of cell membranes

Question 50

steroids

Answer 50

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

Question 51

Cholesterol

Answer 51

important steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes

Essential in animals, but high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular diseases

Question 52

peptide

Answer 52

2+ amino acids linked in a chain

Question 53

peptide bond

Answer 53

covalent bond that links amino acids with dehydration synthesis

Question 54

pyrimidines/purines

Answer 54

cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine