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AP Bio Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

trace elements

A

a chemical element present only in minute amounts in a particular sample or environment

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2
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

slight, fleeting attractions between atoms and molecules close together

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3
Q

4 emergent properties of water

A

cohesive behavior (including adhesion), moderation of temp., expansion upon freezing, and solvent of life

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4
Q

solution

A

liquid, homogenous mixture of 2+ substances

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5
Q

acid

A

increases H+ concentration

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6
Q

base

A

reduces H+ concentration

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7
Q

buffers

A

minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution (weak acids and bases)

They keep blood at pH ~7.4

If blood pH drops to 7 or goes up to 7.8, death

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8
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

organic molecule consisting of only C and H

can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

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9
Q

Organic compound

A

compound with C. Normally has H

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10
Q

functional groups

A

components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

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11
Q

organic compound exceptions

A

CO2, CO

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12
Q

monomers

A

small and organic molecules used for building polymers

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13
Q

macromolecules

A

giant molecules made up of 2+ bonded polymers

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14
Q

enzymes

A

facilitate dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

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15
Q

carbohydrates

A

fuel and building material

include sugars and polymers of sugars

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16
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars and simplest carbohydrates. Major fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules

Formula = (CH2O)n

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17
Q

triose

A

(CH2O)3

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18
Q

pentose

A

(CH2O)5

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19
Q

glyceraldehyde

A

initial breakdown product of glucose on cells

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20
Q

hexose

A

(CH2O)6

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21
Q

glucose

A

most common monosaccharide

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22
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

23
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond that forms disaccharide

24
Q

Polysaccharides

A

carbohydrate macromolecules, polymers. Have storage and structural roles

Structure and function determined by its sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages

25
Q

starch

A

storage polysaccharide in plants that consists entirely of glucose monomers

26
Q

amylose

A

simplest form of starch

27
Q

glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide in animals. Humans and other vertebrates store it mainly in liver and muscle cells. glucose polymer and largely helical

28
Q

cellulose

A

major component of the tough wall of plant cells

Polymer of glucose, but its glycosidic linkages differ

Difference is based on 2 ring forms for glucose

relatively straight

29
Q

chitin

A

found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

Also provides structural support for cell walls of many fungi

30
Q

proteins

A

have many functions and contain C, H, O, N, S

31
Q

sickle cell disease

A

inherited blood disorder resulting from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

32
Q

denaturation

A

loss of a protein’s native structure by disrupting secondary, tertiary, and primary

33
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

hydrophobic amino acid buried in interior of protein

34
Q

salt bridges

A

ionic bonds and H bonds combine

35
Q

disulfide bonds

A

able to be formed by cysteines

36
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) that store, transmit, and help express hereditary information

Each one consists of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and 1+ phosphate groups

37
Q

polynucleotides

A

nucleic acid polymers

38
Q

nitrogenous base

A

has 1 or 2 rings that have N atoms

39
Q

nucleoside

A

portion of nucleotide without the phosphate group

40
Q

gene

A

unit of inheritance that programs amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

41
Q

lipids

A

have little to no affinity for water (hydrophobic) because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons which are made of nonpolar covalent bonds

42
Q

fats

A

major function of energy storage (compact way for animals to carry their energy stores with them). constructed from 2 types of smaller molecules

43
Q

glycerol

A

3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon and consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

44
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

have maximum # of H atoms possible and no double bonds

45
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

have 1+ double bonds

46
Q

saturated fat

A

solid at room temperature

47
Q

unsaturated fat

A

liquid at room temperature

48
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

In a fat, 3 fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage to make this fat molecule

49
Q

phospholipids

A

major constituents of cell membranes

50
Q

steroids

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

51
Q

Cholesterol

A

important steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes

Essential in animals, but high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular diseases

52
Q

peptide

A

2+ amino acids linked in a chain

53
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond that links amino acids with dehydration synthesis

54
Q

pyrimidines/purines

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine

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