Mathematics Flashcards
the collection, organization, and analysis of data
statistics
most frequently occurring piece of data
mode
middle score when all the scores are ordered (least to greatest or greatest to least)
median
highest score - lowest score
range
created by taking data and using the 10’s as the set of “stems” and the 1’s as the “leaves”
stem and leaf plots
offers one clear way to see the spread of the data
box and whisker plots
- generally used to summarize information from large data sets
- individual scores aren’t seen
- groups of scores within the data are evaluated
histogram
- total number of data values must be determined for all the categories
- each quantity should be determined into a percentage
pie charts
- add all the numbers together and then divide that sum by the number of numbers in the data set
- commonly known as the average
mean
mean, median, mode are all measures of?
central tendency
describes how closely clusters or widely spread out a data set is
dispersion
Range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation are all measures of?
dispersion
- essentially its the range of the middle 50% of a set of data
- found by subtracting the values for Q3 and the values of Q1
interquartile range
a measure of how much each individual score differs from the mean
variance
- found by taking the positive square root of the variance
- data is dispersed symmetrically about the median on a normal distribution (regular bell curve)
Standard Deviation
- the likelihood of an event occurring
- number of SUCCESSFUL outcomes : TOTAL number of outcomes possible
probability
number of SUCCESSFUL outcomes possible : number of UNSUCCESSFUL outcomes possible
odds
can the words “odds” and “probability” be used interchangeably?
NO!
what actually happens when you test something and the results are recorded
Experimental Probability
what is likely to happen in theory
theoretically probability
how can you provide opportunities for children to really grasp the concept of probability?
- games
- real life like experiments so the student can experience probability in action
- EXAMPLE: rolling a die and recording the score multiple times can lead to rich discussion of probable outcomes
- probability of some 2nd event occurring given that a 1st event that affects it has already occurred
- described as P(B|A)
- P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B|A)
conditional probability
-occurs when the outcome of 1 event affects the out come of the 2nd event
dependent events
how do you calculate the probability of two independent events both happening?
P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)
- occurrs when 2 or more simple events are preformed together so that 1 event happens and so does another
- IE: rolling a pair of dice because each die roll is an individual event and doesn’t influence each other
compound event
independent event
simple events
1) determine if the events are mutually exclusive
1) if they are mutually exclusive then add the prob. of each successful event
2) if they aren’t mutually exclusive then they’re mutually inclusive
2) if mutually inclusive you add the probability of each successful event and subtract out the probability that both events occurred
how to answer a probability question with the word “or” in the prompt:
-events that can’t take place at the same time as each other
mutually exclusive
-events that can take place at the same time
mutually inclusive
- order doesn’t matter
- assesses how many groups can be formed
combinations
assess how many unique lists can be created
permutations
