Maternity Ch. 3

Question 1

Teratogens

Answer 1

drugs, viruses, infections, or other exposures that have the potential to cause embryonic/fetal developmental abnormality

***Environmental toxins (ex: where they work like use of chemicals)

Question 2

How is the degree of malformations from teratogens based on?

Answer 2

Based on length of exposure, amount of exposure, and when it occurs during human development

Question 3

Effects of tegretol (cabamazepine)

Answer 3

Increased risk of:
Neural tube defects
Craniofacial defects, including cleft lip and palate
Intrauterine growth restriction

Question 4

Effects of toxoplasmosis

Answer 4

Increased risk of:
Fetal demise
Blindness
Mental retardation

Question 5

Where can you contract toxoplamosis?

Answer 5

Due to cats ( don’t change cat litter)

Undercooked beef/lamb

Question 6

Embryo

Answer 6

Developing human from time of implantation through 8 weeks of gestation

Question 7

Organogenesis

Answer 7

Formation and development of body organs

-happens at 8 weeks

Question 8

Primary germ layers ?

What do they do?

Answer 8

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and endoderm

Form the organs, tissues, and body structures of the developing human

Question 9

When does the heart form?

Answer 9

3rd week of gestation and begins to beat and circulate blood during the 4th week

Question 10

Fetus

Answer 10

week 9 to birth

Question 11

How is the placenta formed?

Answer 11

from both fetal and maternal tissue

Question 12

FXNs of placenta

Answer 12

• Metabolic and gas exchange

- Hormone production

Question 13

Placenta: Metabolic gas exchnage

Answer 13

In the placenta, fetal waste products and CO2 are transferred from the fetal blood into the maternal blood sinuses by diffusion. Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids and O2 are transferred from the maternal blood sinuses to the fetal blood through the mechanisms of diffuse and active transport.

***Does not create nutrients but allows for exchange

Question 14

Hormones produced in the placenta

Answer 14

• Progesterone
• Estrogen
• hCG
• hPL

Question 15

Progesterone fxn

Answer 15

Progesterone facilitates implantation and decreases uterine contractility

Question 16

Estrogen fxn

Answer 16

Estrogen stimulates the enlargement of the breasts and uterus

Question 17

hCG

Answer 17

hCG stimulates the corpus luteum so that it will continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone until the placenta is mature enough to do so. This is the hormone assessed in pregnancy tests. hCG rises rapidly during the first trimester and then rapidly declines.

Question 18

hPL

Answer 18

hPL promotes fetal growth by regulating available glucose and stimulates breast development in preparation for lactation

Question 19

What can cross placental membrane?

Answer 19

Viruses such as rubella and cytomegalovirus can cross the placental membrane and enter the fetal system, potentially causing fetal death or defects. Drugs can also cross the placental membrane.

Question 20

Category of drugs mom should avoid?

Answer 20

C, D, and X

Question 21

Embryonic sac fxn

Answer 21

“bag of waters”

help maintain a sterile environment by forming a barrier that prevents bacteria from entering the amniotic fluid through the vagina

Question 22

What happens if water breaks?

Answer 22

Mom is committed to labor

Question 23

What color do we want amniotic fluid?

Answer 23

Clear

Question 24

Where is amniotic fluid made in first, second, and third trimesters?

Answer 24

During the first trimester, the amniotic membrane produces amniotic fluid; during the second and third trimesters, it is produced by the fetal kidneys.

Question 25

Amniotic fluid fxn

Answer 25

● Cushions the fetus from sudden maternal movements.

● Prevents the developing human from adhering to the amniotic membranes.

● Allows freedom of fetal movement, which aids in symmetrical musculoskeletal development.

● Provides a consistent thermal environment.

Question 26

Umbilical cord connects

Answer 26

the fetus to the placenta

AVA

Nutrition and gas exchange

***If only two vessels = big issues