Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychological Medicine Block (Unsorted) > Maternal Mental Health, First 1000 days, Childhood > Flashcards

Maternal Mental Health, First 1000 days, Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

When can maternal mental health issues arise?

A

Antenatal - during pregnancy

Postpartum - after birth up until one year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the presentations of Maternal mental health disorders?

A

Continuation of existing mental disorder
Relapse in pre-existing condition
New onset mental disorder
Baby blues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why are doctors particularly concerned about mental health during pregnancy?

A
  • Women may cease medications = relapse
  • Stressful time - physical complications, anxiety, social difficulties (family violence more prevalent)
  • Effects of substance abuse during pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When do the Baby Blues occur?

A

3rd to 5th day after giving birth
Only lasts few hours/days
Persisting beyond 2 weeks = PPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can the mother be feeling when having Baby Blues?

A

Overwhelmed, tearful, exhausted, irritable
Still good times
Not a disorder, transient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can the Baby Blues be overcome?

A

Good support, rest and nutrition, the Baby Blues can be resolved naturally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does Post Partum Depression occur?

A

Occurs within 4 weeks of birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What percentage of women experience PPD?

A

10-16% of women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why can PPD be missed?

A

Dismissed as hormonal imbalance or baby blues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the leading cause of maternal death in NZ and other Western countries?

A

Suicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the risk factors for PPD?

A
  • Previous history of Depression or PPD
  • Discontinuation of medications by a woman with a history of depression
  • Childhood abuse
  • Negative attitude towards the pregnancy
  • Lack of social support/social isolation/domestic violence
  • Having twins/triplets
  • Losing a baby (stillbirth, miscarriage)
  • Pregnancy & birth complications - risk for PTSD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you detect PPD?

A

Screen all women who have had a baby. Be aware of risk factors.
Consultation with patient and/or family, significant other - ask depression screening questions, feelings towards baby, social situation & support.
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale - used during pregnancy/postpartum. 10 item, self administered. Easy to score.
PHQ-9 (screening tool)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the impacts of untreated PPD on mother’s interactions with infant.

A

Decrease in affectionate behaviour
Decreased responsiveness to infant cues
** Effects more likely if PPD is chronic/severe and untreated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the impacts of untreated PPD on childhood development.

A

Increased behaviour problems when young
Poorer educational outcomes
Diminished social competence
Increased rates of mental disorder & risky behaviour in childhood and adolescence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the statistics of Postpartum Psychosis (PPP)?

A

1-2 episodes per 1000 births

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does PPP occur?

A

Clinically rapid onset, mostly in first 2 weeks postpartum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the tragic outcomes associated with the severe disorder of PPP?

A

Suicide and infanticide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes PPP?

A

It can be a recurrence of pre-existing bipolar disorder or schizophrenia or may be new onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who has a higher risk for developing PPP?

A

Women who have a history of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the treatment for PPP?

A

Inpatient stay and medication (antipsychotic and mood stabilizer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the symptoms of PPP?

A
  • Extreme agitation
  • Paranoia, confusion, disorientation
  • Inability to sleep/eat
  • Losing touch with reality
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations (tactile, auditory, visual)
  • Disorganized behaviour
  • Psychomotor agitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are delusions?

A

Fixed, false beliefs or thoughts that are unlikely to be true e.g. baby is possessed by the devil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a warning sign for PPP?

A

Extreme sleep disruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do you need to consider regarding treatment of breastfeeding mothers?

A

Careful risk/benefit assessment. Must weigh risk of treatment against risk of untreated illness to mother and infant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the concerns regarding Mood Stabilizers taken by breastfeeding mothers?

A

Used to treat bipolar disorders (e.g. Lithium) & antipsychotic medications have teratogenic effects (associated with birth defects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the issues with Antidepressants on breastfeeding mothers?

A

SSRIs are safer, but some concerns and research ongoing. Antidepressants excreted into human breast milk - no clear harms, but ongoing research.
Maternal depression also has adverse effects on infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What other factors need to be considered when dealing with treatment of breastfeeding mothers?

A

Severity of illness
Psychiatric history
History of response
Available safety data in lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the domains of development?

A

Physical, social, emotional, cognitive, language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

List the characteristics of physical development of children.

A

Weight: doubles by age 4 months, triple by first birthday
Length (2.5cm per month in first year)
Direction of growth is cephalocaudal (head to feet) and Proximodistal (centre outwards)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the sensory development of children.

A

Hearing, smell, taste and touch are well developed at birth.
Vision develops rapidly during first 4 months
Between 6-8 months visual acuity is just as an adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the motor skills at birth?

A 
Survival reflexes (sneezing, sucking) 
Legs make crawling movement (when lying on stomach)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the motor skills at 3 months?

A

Head control, lifting head up
Push up head and shoulders on tummy
Grasp rattle and reach with two hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

List the motor skills at 6 months.

A

Sit briefly unaided
Rolls from back to tummy
Transfer block between two hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the motor skills at 9 months

A

Standing up, walking holding furniture/fingers
Crawl
Pick up button with thumb and forefinger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the motor skills at 12 months?

A

Walk unaided

Make mark with crayon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Name the motor skills at 18 months.

A

Climb stairs
Throw ball into box
Build tower with three cubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the motor skills at 24 months?

A

Run, walk backwards
Place square peg in square hole
Build tower of six blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the motor skills at 36 months.

A

Dress self
Toilet training underway (day vs night)
Ride a balance bike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

The ability to think, reason & solve problems.

Cognitive development is gradual, orderly changes by which mental processes become more complicated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development.

A

Sensorimotor Stage - birth to 2 yrs
Preoperational Stage - 2 yrs to 7 yrs
Concrete Operational Stage - 7 to 11 yrs
Formal Operational Stage - 12 and up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the importance of Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development?

A

Helps understand how children develop thinking
Each developmental stage follows after the other and there is no going back
Three stages are universal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When does the Sensorimotor Stage occur?

A

Birth to nearly 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the description of the Sensorimotor Stage?

A

Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing and grasping)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the developmental phenomena of the sensorimotor stage?

A 
Object permanence (out of sight, out of mind concept no longer exists) 
Stranger anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Out of sight, out of mind concept no longer exists. Able to find objects after they have disappeared.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

When does the Preoperational Stage occur?

A

2 to about 6/7 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the description of the preoperational stage?

A

Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. Thinking is rigid, limited to one situation. Can’t master conservation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the developmental phenomena of the Preoperational Stage?

A

Pretend play, egocentrism, animism.

Imaginary companions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

When does the Concrete Operational Stage occur?

A

About 7 to 11 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the description of the Concrete Operational Stage

A

Thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the development phenomena of the Concrete Operational Stage?

A

Conservation, mathematical transformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

When does the Formal Operational Stage begin?

A

About 12 yrs through adulthood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the description of the Formal Operational Stage?

A

Abstract reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Describe the developmental phenomena of the Formal Operational Stage.

A

Abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning.

55
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Assume that other’s perceive, think and feel the same as they do.

56
Q

What is Animism?

A

Treating inanimate objects as if they were living ones.

57
Q

What is Conservation/conservation tasks?

A

Pouring equal volumes of liquid into two different containers. Child decides one is bigger than the other, despite having the same volume.

58
Q

What language skills does a 1-6 month baby possess?

A

3 months –> cooing & gurgling

6 months –> babbling

59
Q

What language skills does a 6-12 month baby possess?

A

Baby begins to babble. Babbling sounds like “dada or da do”

12 months –> first word

60
Q

What language skills does a 12-18 month baby possess?

A

Baby’s first words appear. Likes to copy sounds and words.

18 months –> knows 5 to 40 words

61
Q

What language skills does an 18-24 month baby possess?

A

Toddlers beginning to join two words together. Lots of new words being learnt.
2 years –> 150 to 300 words, 2-3 word sentences

62
Q

What language skills does a 2-3 year old possess?

A

Child using little 3-5 word sentences.

3 years –> 900 to 1000 words, asks short questions

63
Q

What are the language skills of a 5 year old?

A

Identifies letters, creates longer sentences

64
Q

What skills does a 4 year old possess in terms of language?

A

2000 words, 5+ word sentences

65
Q

In general, what are the first 50 words a baby learns?

A

Tend to be names of important people, greetings, food and other daily routines.

66
Q

How do girls differ compared to boys with language skills?

A

Girls begin to acquire words earlier and have faster initial learning than boys.

67
Q

What environmental factors aid in language development?

A

Interactions with adults (books, playtime), parental responsiveness, presence of siblings

68
Q

What is over extension in language terms?

A

Specific category for everything similar (e.g. bird ca be any flying object)

69
Q

What is under extension in language terms?

A

Reserve a specific category for one thing (e.g. ball is only the favourite red ball)

70
Q

What are common causes of language delays?

A

Hearing impairment, intellectual disability (dyslexia), Autism, psychological issues (neglect)

71
Q

What is social development?

A

A process of learning how to show self expression & interaction with others.

72
Q

What influences social development?

A

The action of parents/caregivers and type of care received. Lack of love and attention may cause failure to grow and develop optimally.

73
Q

How do infants play?

A

Infants do not have friends, parallel play is common.

74
Q

When does gender identity emerge?

A

Around 2 years old

75
Q

What are the social and emotional milestones at 2 months?

A

Begins to smile
Can briefly calm self
Directs gaze towards caregivers

76
Q

What are the social and emotional milestones at 4 months?

A

Smiles spontaneously at people

77
Q

What are the social and emotional milestones at 6 months?

A

Knows those who are familiar
Likes to interact in play with others
Looks at self in the mirror

78
Q

What are the social and emotional milestones at 9 months?

A

May be afraid of strangers

Has favourite toys

79
Q

What are the social and emotional milestones at 12 months?

A 
Nervous with strangers 
Cries when caregiver leaves
Cooperate with dressing 
Brings a book to be read
Repeats sounds
80
Q

What are the social and emotional milestones at 18 months?

A

Afraid of strangers
Affection for familiar people
Simple pretend play

81
Q

What are the social and emotional milestones at 24 months?

A

Copies others especially those familiar
Excited with other children
Parallel play
Increasing independence

82
Q

What is the parent/caregiver relationship attachment?

A

Bond between child and primary caregiver.

83
Q

What does the parent/caregiver relationship allow the infant to do?

A

Seek proximity to the attachment figure
Provides soothing when distressed
Develop an internal working model of a secure base
Caregiver becomes safe haven from which child can explore the world.

84
Q

What are the 4 different types of attachment styles between child and caregiver?

A

Secure attachment
Avoidant attachment
Disorganised attachment
Ambivalent attachment

85
Q

Describe Secure Attachment

A

Mother is quick, sensitive, consistent
Child is secure, exploring & happy
Believes and trusts that his needs will be met

86
Q

Describe Avoidant Attachment

A

Mother is distant, disengaged
Child is not very explorative, emotionally distant
Subconsciously believes that his needs won’t be properly met

87
Q

Describe Disorganized Attachment

A

Mother is extreme, frightened, frightening, passive
Child is depressed, passive, angry, non-responsive
Severely confused with no strategy to have his needs met

88
Q

Describe Ambivalent Attachment

A

Mother is inconsistent, sometimes sensitive, sometimes neglectful
Child is anxious, insecure, angry
Cannot rely on his needs to be met

89
Q

When does physical development slow down in children?

A

Slows down during middle childhood, 6-11 years.

90
Q

Discuss some qualities of physical development in children.

A

Girls have slightly more fat while boys have more muscle.
Growing pains as muscles adapt to enlarging skeleton.
Balanced diet is important or growth and development.

91
Q

When are primary teeth lost?

A

Between 6-12 years

92
Q

What are the gross motor skills of a child aged 6-7?

A

Hop, jump, climb, bike

93
Q

What are the fine motor skills of a child aged 6-7?

A

Tie shoelaces, do buttons, zippers, brush teeth, wash themselves, use knife and fork (chopsticks), hold pencil like adults

94
Q

What are the physical skills of a child aged 8-10?

A

Develop balance, coordination and strength which allows them to take part in team sports.

95
Q

When does the concrete operational stage of development occur?

A

7-11 years

96
Q

What skills are acquired in the concrete operational stage of development?

A

Logical thinking about concrete events. Child now needs concrete objects to process cognitions. CANNOT UNDERSTAND ABSTRACT FORM. Will struggle with verbal instructions.

97
Q

What are the characteristics relating to concrete operational stage?

A 
Seriation 
Classification 
Reversibility 
Conservation 
Decentering 
Identity 
Transitivity
98
Q

What is seriation?

A

Sort objects according to size, shape and colour

99
Q

What is classification?

A

Classify birds, fruits based on characteristics

100
Q

What is reversibility?

A

Numbers and some objects can be changed but can return to former state e.g. ice to water and water to ice

101
Q

What is conservation?

A

If nothing is added or subtracted, then the amount remains the same e.g. tall glass & small glass have same amount of liquid.

102
Q

What is decenteration?

A

Able to consider multiple aspects e.g. tall glass is less wide, small glass is shorter in length, but greater in width.

103
Q

What is identity?

A

Objects have qualities that do not change even if the object is altered in some way e.g. deflated balloon is still a balloon

104
Q

What is transitivity?

A

Ability to logically combine relations to understand conditions e.g. if A=B and B=C then A=C

105
Q

When does the formal operational stage occur?

A

Age 12+ approximately

106
Q

What does the formal operational stage involve?

A

Abstract thinking
Logical thought and deductive reasoning & systematic planning
Can solve complex math/science problems in a planned, logical manner as opposed to trial and error when younger.
Can think of future (hypothetical, abstract)

107
Q

What does language development during middle childhood incorporate?

A

Children are able to use long & complex sentences.
Understand other points of view & show they agree/disagree.
Keep a conversation going by giving reasons & explaining choices
Start conversations with adults/children they don’t know.
Understand & use passive sentences

108
Q

Describe the clarity of speech in a 3 year old.

A

Speech unclear (75% understandable)

109
Q

Describe the sentences of a 3 year old.

A

3-4 word sentences

110
Q

Describe the answers and questions of a 3 year old.

A

Answers simple questions
Lack of understanding about some questions (what do chickens eat)
Doesn’t understand comparative words

111
Q

Describe the clarity of speech in a 7 year old.

A

Clearer speech

112
Q

Describe the sentences of a 7 year old.

A

Longer sentences

113
Q

Describe the answers and questions of a 7 year old.

A

Able to understand & answer questions correctly
Still uses short answers
More aware of preferences and can reason why

114
Q

Describe the clarity of speech of a 10 year old.

A

Speech quite easy to understand.

115
Q

Describe the sentence structure of a 10 year old.

A

Complex sentences

116
Q

Describe the answers and questions of a 10 year old.

A

More elaborate answers (more expressive)
More comfortable using language
More elaborate & confident reasoning
Understands preferences & can rank them in order
Can think/answer questions regarding hypothetical situations (superpowers)

117
Q

Explain the physician’s role in understanding cognitive/language delays.

A

Encourage parents to share any concerns about child’s development or behaviour.
A prompt referral to pediatrician if development delay is present.
Early identification of developmental delays & timely early intervention can positively alter a child’s longterm trajectory.

118
Q

What is middle childhood marked by?

A

Forming a coherent self-concept (more refined and realistic because of cognitive development, exposure to experiences and feedback)
Growing understanding of emotions
Major developments in peer relations

119
Q

What is self concept?

A

Beliefs, attitudes that we have about ourselves in terms of skills and abilities.
Culture also has an influence.
Euro American children use personal references
Chinese children use social references

120
Q

What is the early childhood (4-8 yrs) definition of “Who am I?”

A

Singular and concrete attributes and comparisons

“I am a boy/I have yellow hair”

121
Q

What is the middle childhood (8-11 yrs) definition of ‘Who am I?”

A

Perceived personality characteristics & psychological qualities rather than physical appearance.
Self descriptions more abstract (smart, friendly)
More complex & differentiated (able to recognize strengths/weaknesses)
“I am funny/like to help people.”

122
Q

Self concept vs self esteem?

A

Self concept is our self-description according to various categories, such as our external and internal qualities.
Self-esteem is an evaluative judgement about who we are.

123
Q

What are characteristics of children with high self esteem?

A 
Positive image of themselves 
Confident 
Easily make friends, not anxious with new people 
Solve problems on own/ask for help 
Proud of achievements 
Admit mistakes & learn from them 
Try new things, adapt to change
124
Q

What are characteristics of children with low self esteem?

A

Negative image of themselves
Lack confidence
Hard to make & keep friendships, feel victimized
Lonely, isolated
Avoid new things/change
Can’t deal with failure
Not proud of what they achieve, think they could do better
Constantly comparing themselves in a negative way

125
Q

What is emotional regulation?

A

The ability to monitor, evaluate and modify emotional reactions to accomplish goals.
Help children recognise their emotions
Validate the emotion
“Name it to tame it”

126
Q

What happens regarding emotions in middle childhood?

A

Children are able to recognize emotions in themselves and others, control their own emotions & communicate about emotions. Most children have developed their capacity for regulating their own emotions.

127
Q

What do children learn about emotions in middle and late childhood?

A

A single situation/event can lead to multiple mixed emotions.
Learn emotional display rules .

128
Q

What does bullying behaviour involve?

A

An intentional act of aggression with the objective of causing physical, psychological or emotional distress to another
Disproportionate distribution of power, with the stronger individual/group abusing the weaker one
Behaviour pattern is repeated over time

129
Q

Name physical health consequences of bullying?

A

Headaches, poor appetite, abdominal pain, sleeping problems, enuresis

130
Q

What is enuresis?

A

Involuntary urination

131
Q

What are the mental health implications of bullying?

A

Depression, self-harm, suicide, psychosis, anxiety, personality disorder

132
Q

What are the societal problems caused by bullying?

A

School absenteesim, elective home education, poor employability, lowered income, drug use, offending behaviour

133
Q

What are the four goals of a physician with regards to bullying?

A

1 - identify the problem
2 - counsel children, parents & school personnel on methods of intervention/prevention
3 - screen for, treat or refer to psychiatrists when symptoms for mental illnesses are present
4 - advocate for violence prevention in schools/communities

134
Q

What are screening questions for bullying?

A

Why don’t you like school?
Do other children tease you at school?
At recess do you usually play by yourself?
How long have these things been going on?
Have you told the teacher?

Psychological Medicine Block (Unsorted) (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions