Health Behaviour Flashcards
What is health behaviour?
An action taken by a person to maintain, attain or regain optimal health & prevent illness.
Reflects person’s health beliefs.
An activity people perform to maintain/improve their health, regardless of perceived health status or whether the behaviour actually achieves that goal.
What are the three empirical based models of health behaviour?
Health Belief Model
Theory of Reasoned Action
Theory of Planned Behaviour
Revise in lecture slides
Name 4 barriers to optimal health behaviours.
1 - enjoyment of competing poor health behaviours
2 - no immediate adverse effects of poor behaviours
3 - the amount of effort involved in changing health behaviours
4 - fear, leading to denial that there is a problem with behaviours
Describe cognitive dissonance.
We know what is good for us and still do something else e.g. smoking, drunken driving, failing to have health concern checked, any substantial risk behaviour.
How do people achieve cognitive dissonance?
Attribution errors regarding self (it won’t happen to me)
Selective attention
Avoidance
How do you change cognitive dissonance?
Change the belief, not the behaviour
What are the two types of personal control?
Behavioral and cognitive control
What is the benefit of experiencing a sense of control?
Experience less stress from stressors
Able to maintain health/prevent illness
Once unwell - sense of control promotes readjustment, adherence and rehabilitation
Less depression when ill
Why do some people lack personal control?
Sense of control can be learned through social learning (lack of role models)
As we age, our locus of control shifts externally
Learned helplessness
Learned mastery/resilience.
How is health influenced by pessimistic attitudes?
Pessimistic people have poorer health habits, more illnesses, less likely to treat illness
Name and explain the two types of locus of control.
External locus of control - outcomes outside your control, determined by fate & independent of your hard work/decisions
Internal locus of control - outcomes within your control, determined by hard work/decisions
Which locus of control is optimal and why?
Internal locus. Lower stress and changeable.
What is the difference between personal control and locus of control?
Personal control is unidimensional –> increases = positive health outcomes
Locus of control is internal/external –> multidimensional, both can change
Describe the concept of self efficacy.
Belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situations.
What is high self efficacy important for?
Persistence, adherence and change
How does social support benefit health?
Decreases the likelihood that people will develop disease & decreases recovery time
What are the types of social support?
Emotional, instrumental and informational
Describe catastrophizing.
Focusing on the worse case scenarios in most situations
Forming a conclusion without supporting evidence
Seeing things only from the worst case perspective
What are the beliefs challenging optimal health behaviours?
False consensus Unrealistic optimism/pessimism Belief in personal coping capactiy Fatalism The nature of health behaviours
What does CBT stand for?
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
What can CBT treat?
Anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, alcohol/drug disorders, eating disorders, psychotics/bipolar disorders
What are the 5 healthy lifestyle practices?
Smoking Obesity Exercise Diet Alcohol
What are the highest reported chronic disease burdens in NZ?
Diabetes COPD (chronic obstructive airways disease) Asthma Stroke Hypertension Chronic pain/arthritis
Name the stages of change.
Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Relapse
Explain the pre-contemplation stage of change.
No intention on changing behaviour - NO
Explain the contemplation stage of change.
Aware a problem exists, but with no commitment to action - MAYBE
Describe the preparation stage of change.
Intent on taking action to address the problem - PREPARE/PLAN
Explain the action stage of change.
Active modification of behaviour - DO
Describe the maintenance stage of change.
Sustained change; new behaviour replaces old - KEEP GOING
Explain relapse stage of change.
Fall back into old patterns of behaviour.
Describe the basic concept of Motivational Interviewing.
A style of communicating with people constructively about reducing health risks & changing their behaviour.
Designed to enhance the patient’s own motivation to change using strategies that are empathetic and non-confrontational.
What are the principles/characteristics of Motivational Interviewing?
Increasing patient’s self-efficacy
Directive approach
Uses “Change talk”
Use Stages of Change Model
What are the 3 main points of motivational interviewing?
Collaborative - working together to understand patient’s perspective
Evocative - evoking patient’s own arguments/reasons for change
Honoring autonomy
What are the core/general skills of Motivational Interviewing?
OARS
- Open questions
- Affirmation
- Reflective listening
- Summarizing
Name the specific skills of MI
READS principles
Change talk
List the READS principles.
Roll with resistance Express empathy Avoid argumentation Develop discrepancy - raise awareness between where the client is and where they want to be Support self-efficacy
Name the primary tasks of the precontemplation stage.
Raising awareness
Name the primary tasks of the contemplation stage.
Resolving ambivalence
Helping to choose change
Name the primary tasks of the preparation stage.
Help identify appropriate change strategies
Name the primary tasks of the action stage.
Help implement change strategies & learn to eliminate potential relapses
Name the primary activities of the maintenance stage.
Develop new skills for maintaining recovery
Name the primary tasks of the relapse stage.
Cope with consequences and determine what to do next.
What are the essential components of health behaviour change interventions?
Problem solving/goal setting/written action plans Lifestyle changes Disease specific information Medication Relaxation/stress management
