Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Block 5 izzy > Maternal and Foetal Health & Wellbeing > Flashcards

Maternal and Foetal Health & Wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

What is a strucutral abnormality?

A

Problem with the body part eg: cleft palate, NTD

(Production of congenital malformation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a functional abnormality?

A

Problem with how a body part or system works ie: developmental disability

(direct toxic effect on cells of embryo either lethal or reduction in growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When is the embryo most susceptible to teratogens?

A

When you don’t know you’re pregnant

3-14/40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can alcohol cause?

A

Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (most severe)

Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder = LBW, Small head, Cerebral Palsy, ADHD

Heart defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can folic acid defiency lead to?

A

NTD eg: meningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can rubella lead to?

A

Cataract, heart defects, mental retardation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What foods should be avoided?

What is the bacteria associated?

What are the symptoms

A

Soft cheese, blue cheese

Listeria bacterium

Associated w/ miscarriage, stillbirth & sick neonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does toxoplasmosis cause?

How can you avoid this?

A

Toxoplasmosis is a common infection that can be caught from the faeces of infected cats or from contaminated meat. Normally it rarely causes problems but if caught during pregnacy or few weeks prior to conception it can cause:

Miscarriage, still birth or rarely congential defects.

Avoidance: Don’t change the cat litter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the common symptoms in the first trimester?

What week does this ususally occur?

Why?

A

Morning sickness (often 8/40) due to rising hCG levels

  • Hypermesis Gravidarium –> excessive nausea and vomiting, weight loss and dehydration, requires hospital treatment as more severe than morning sickness.

Frequency of mictuition (due to bladder frequency)

  • Lasts until 16/40 until uterus rises out pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some of the symptoms later on in pregnancy?

A
  • Heartburn
  • Peridontal
  • Constipation (progesterone reduces gastric motility)
  • Haemorrhoids
  • Leucorrhoea (white vaginal discharge- non irritant or ofensive)
  • Hyperpigmentation- areola, nipple, vulva, perianal region
  • Backache
  • Sympysis Pubis Dysfunction
  • Carpal Tunnel syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give some example of how to improve maternal and foetal wellbeing

(think very general)

A
  • Nutrition
  • Decrease smoking
  • Reduce alcohol
  • Increase exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Gravidity?

A

The total number of pregnancies regardless of an outcome

Mutiple gestation counts as a single event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is parity?

A

The total number of pregnancies carrierd over viability threshold (24 weeks)

Mutiple births count as a single parous event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The patient is currently pregnant they have had one child & a miscariage what is the notation?

A

G3 P1 +1

(+1 symbolises the miscarriage- not carried to 24 weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The patient is not pregnant, they have had one live birth and one stilbirth- what is the notation?

A

G2 P2

The stillbirth was carried over 24 weeks thus it is P2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The patient is not pregnant- but had twins. What is the notation

A

G1 P1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many births are premature

A

Up to 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are stillbirths generally linked to?

What should you do in order to try and prevent this?

A

intrauterine Growth Restriction

2) Monitor growth to identify interuterine growth restriction

Identify anomolies

Prevent, Intervene, Deliver, Be prepared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a small, normal and large baby weight in kg

A

Small <2.5kg

Normal: About 3.5kg

Larger: 4.5kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define prematurity

What are the catagories?

A

Born before 37 weeks

Extremley preterm: <28weeks

Very preterm: 28-32 weeks

Moderate to Late preterm: 32-37 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can you do if there is a prematuirty risk?

A
  • MgSO4
    • Neuroprotectant to reduce cerberal palsy risk
  • Steroids (Betamethasone)
    • Stimulates surfactant synthesis- lubricates lungs so air sacs can glide without sticking
    • Prevents brain bleedings
    • Lower risk necrotizing entercolitis

24-32 weeks -double dose 24hrs apart

34-37 weeks- single dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can you establish EDD

A

LMP: (Naegele’sRule) Assume 28 day cycle & use First Day LMP

  • Add 12 mnths
  • Minus 3 mnths(or simply add 9)
  • Add 7 days to first day of LMP
  • (+/- days resulting EDD for differing cycle length)

2) Early Sonogram: CRL

  • UK standard = Crown Rump Length @ early scan
  • If > 84mm, gestation age should be estimated using head circumference

3) Symphysio-Fundal Height:

  • From 24/40
  • Separate Growth Chart
  • Measure: TOP DOWN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a biometric test?

A

Predict foetal size @ point in gestation

Indicates growth but not foetal wellbeing

24
Q

What is a biophysical test?

A

Predict foetal wellbeing but not growth

25
Foetal biometric tests: How do you measure the baby size via Early sonogram? What weeks?
CRL (top of head to bottom of torso) 6-13 weeks - used as there is little biological variabilty
26
Foetal biometric tests: What measure ments are used in scans?
* Biparietal Diameter (measurement across parietal bones of baby's head) * Head circumference * Abdominal Circumference * Femur length
27
With intrauterine Growth Restrictions a) What is it? b) What are the risks?
Small for gestational age *Risks:* * Stillbirth * LWB * Decrease resistance to infection * Hypoglycaemia * Hypothermia * Decrease O2 levels * Difficulty handling vaginal delivery
28
How do you diagnose IUGR? What are the types? What are the causes?
Use Centile charts e.g. symphysiofundal height = below 10% for gestational age Type I: **ALL Biometric less than expected** Usually presents earlier Cause: Infection, Chromosome abnormality foeType II: **Disproportionate between diameters** **AC (Abdominal circumference)** classically affected **Foetal head sparing** due to **increased brain-liver ratio, preferential redistribution of blood towards the brain due to placental insufficiency.** Cause: Placental insufficiency, Pre-eclampsia (Note: Foetal tachycardia may be present in 50%)
29
What is biophysical profiling? What are Biophysical Profiling main area and additional areas of assessment? When is it usually carried out?
Biophysical profiling combines a non stress test with ultrasound to check the health of the foetus. Measures **foetal heart rate in response to foetal movements** Usually in 3rd trimester *Also Measures:* Foetal breathing, movements, tone and Amniotic fluid volume
30
Foetal GI system: When does swallowing take place? What are they swallowing? Where does what they swallow go through? (think GI tract areas) What does it permit? What happens if no swallowing takes place?
Swallowing developed in **10-12wk** Swallowing **Amniotic fluid** Goes through stomach & SI Fluid movement in GI tract permits **growth** and **development of GI tract** **Polyhydramnios** occurs if foetus does not swallow enough amniotic fluid
31
Foetal Urinary System: How is most waste ecreted? How often does the bladder empty into amniotic fluid? At ____ weeks foetus produces \_\_\_ml urine p/d At term it rises to? Debris accumulates in foetal gut forming what?
Most waste excreted via placenta urine enters the bladder and the bladder emoties into--\> Amniotic fluid every 40-60mins At **25 Weeks** foetus produces 1**00ml urine p/d** Rising to **500mls** at term Foetus swallows amniotic fluid constantly and absorbs watera and electrolytes. Debris accumulates in the foetal gut, together with gut debris forms meconium (first foetal stool).
32
What is the function of the amniotic fluid? How much @ 8 weeks How much at 38 weeks? How much @ 42 weeks? What does it contain in early pregnancy What does it contain in second trimester? After 20 weeks what else does it contain?
**Mechanical protection** and **Moist environment** 8 weeks = 10mls 38wks = 1L 42 weeks = 300mls Early pregnancy: Ultra filtrate of maternal plasma Second trimester: + ECF (which diffuses through foetal skin) - composition: foetal plasma **After 20w: Foetal urine**
33
What does amniotic fluid contain?
Hydrocholoric acid, enzymes **Water, Electrolytes, Amnion, Proteins, Cells from foetus** by 20wk = foetal urine
34
How is the foetal urinary system monitered?
Foetal kidney number, size & strucutre Amniotic fluid volume Bladder acitivty
35
What is most of the AVF comprised of in late pregnancy? What does this reflect? What is too litle/ too much amniotic fluid called
Foetal urine 2) Renal function, Bladder, GI, and Foetal metabolism from the placental supply. 3) Polyhydramnios = too much amniotic fluid Oligohydramnios = too little amniotic fluid
36
What is the role of the placenta?
Respiration, Nutrition, excretion Gas exchange occurs in the placenta.
37
What are the 3 shunts in utero?
* Ductus Venosus -\> shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein blood directly into the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver. Forms the ligamentum venosus in the adult (remnant) and the umbilical vein forms the ligamentum teres. * Foramen Ovale * Ductus arteriosus
38
What are some of the modifications of the feto-placental circulation (aside from shunts)
Large & more RBC Modified Hb to pick up max O2
39
Oxygenated blood arrives from placenta in **umbilical vein**- Where can the blood go?
Hepatic micro circulation (later joints IVC via hepatic veins) Directly to IVC through ductus venosus
40
Blood to the IVC can come from?
Hepatic micro circulation Abdo, pelvis & Lower limbs Ductus venosus
41
50% of blood from ____ is shunted into ____ \_\_\_\_ due to flow patterns in R atrium
50% of blood from **Placenta** is shunted into Left atrium due to flow patterns in R atrium
42
How is the right to left flow maintained?
Larger quantity & greater speed of blood flow from IVC to right atrium compared to that entering blood left atrium from pulmonary veins Goes through Foramen ovale (Lungs are fluid filled, High pulmonary resitance, more blood entering R atrium compared to left atrium thus blood shunted through foramen ovale)
43
Is the blood from the lungs entering the L atrium in foetal life high or low oxygenated and why?
**Lung tissue extracts O2** from low circulating blood volume entering from the right ventricle & **returns poorly oxygenated blood to L atrium**
44
What is the Ductus Ateriosus?
Muscular artery connecting pulmonary trunk to descending aorta
45
What does the DA allow?
Most blood leaving R ventricles to perfuse the lower body & placenta (so the blood that hasn't gone through foramen ovale, majority will pass through DA)
46
What do the DA and FO allow?
Blood to bypass lungs and be directed to placenta
47
During interuterine life the foetal- placenta circulation provides what? What is it maintained by?
Operates as a single unit providing low resistance, high capacity reserviour in vascular bed of placenta. Maintained by abscence of valves in umbilical veins
48
What is the normal foetal HR?
110-160bpm
49
What are the circulatory adaptations after birth?
Removal of low-resistance circulation of placenta **Onset of breathing**: Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases (lungs drained of fluid) **Increased blood flow to lungs**: Increases blood returing to left atrium so L atrium pressure \> R atrium pressure --\> **FO closure** As flow through pulmonary circulation increases & arterial O2 tension rise **DA begins to constrict**
50
When does the DA functionally constrict?
1 day postnatally
51
What is required for permanent closure of DA? How long does this take?
Thrombosis & Fibrosis Takes several weeks
52
When does DV close? (ductus venosus)
Ductus venosus remains partially open but closes within 2/3 months after birth
53
What is the notation for a pregnant women who has had one set of twins born at 28 weeks and a singleton born at term
G3 P2
54
What is a structural abnormality? When does this normally occur?
Production of **congenital malformation** by teratogen (most common between 3-8weeks) aka- problem w/ body parts
55
What is a functional abnormality? When does this normally occur?
Direct toxic effect on cells of embryo either lethal or reduction in growth (aka: how body parts or systems work) Most common after 8 weeks
56
What are common teratogens?
Alcohol Dietary intake Viruses Medication during pregnancy
57
What can anti-epileptic drugs cause?
Cleft lip & Palate

Block 5 izzy (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions