Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HD 201 E2 > Maternal Adaptation: Reproductive System, Metabolism, Hematology > Flashcards

Maternal Adaptation: Reproductive System, Metabolism, Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

How much volume can a gravid uterus contain?

A

5-20L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mass of a gravid uterus

A

1100g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Shape of a non-pregnant uterus

A

pear-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thickness of a gravid uterus

A

2 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or False: Enlargement of the uterus is due to hyperplasia

A

False. It is due to hypertrophy. No myocytes are produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When do estrogen and progesterone play a part in the hypertrophy of the uterus?

A

before the 12th week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or False: Before the 12th week, uterine hypertrophy is caused by mechanical distention naturally-occurring during pregnancy

A

False. It is due to hormonal changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or False: >12 weeks, uterine hypertrophy is caused by hormonal changes

A

False. It is due to mechanical distention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In a non-pregnant female, which parts of the reproductive system attach near the apex?

A

Broad ligament, round ligament, fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What accumulates and provides strength and stretchability to the outer muscular layer of the uterus?

A

fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Aside from fibrous tissue what else is increased in the muscular layer of the uterus?

A

elastic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Arrangement of uterine muscular layer

A

Outer “Hood” > Middle > Inner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most important muscular layer of the uterus; contains vessels arranged in a figure 8 and act as ligatures to prevent hemorrhage during delivery

A

Middle Muscular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the inner muscular layer of the uterus surround?

A

Fallopian Tube and Internal Os

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Size and shape of the uterus by the 12th week

A

spherical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Size and shape of the uterus by the 1st week

A

flat and pear-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Size and shape of the uterus beyond the 12th week

A

ovoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does the growing embryo displace the intestines?

A

Laterally and superiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Patients complain of pain in which abdominal quadrant during pregnancy?

A

RUQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Kinds of positions of the uterus

A

Dextrorotation, Standing, Supine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the danger posed by the dextrorotation of the uterus during pregnancy?

A

Exposure of uterine vessels (specifically, arteries) as they are pushed anteriorly during a Cesarean section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Implication of the standing uterus

A

Continuous with the pelvic inlet; presses against the abdomen in women with 3 or more pregnancies; lax abdominal wall (nabanat na eh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which vessels does the supine uterus occlude?

A

IVC and aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you manage the effects of a supine uterus?

A

Have the mother lie on her side to ease back pain and vessel occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do you call contractions during the 1st trimester?

A

Braxton-Hicks contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Are contractions during the 1st trimester a cause for concern?

A

No. These are painless and irregular and are also known as “false labor”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

By what trimester can contractions be detected by bimanual examination (use of both hands; palpation)

A

2nd trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How much of the total blood flow does the uterus receive in non-pregnant women?

A

1% only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How much of the total blood flow does the uterus receive in pregnant women? (near term)

A

almost 20% (450-650mL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Consistency of the cervix in pregnant women?

A

soft (like lips)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Consistency of the cervix in non-pregnant women?

A

doughy (like the nose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

True or False: cervical glands undergo both hyperplasia and hypertrophy

A

True. As opposed to myocytes of the uterus which only undergo hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How much of the entire cervical mass do the hypertrophied, hyperplasic cervical glands occupy?

A

Almost half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

True or False: There is an inversion of proliferating columnar glands in the cervix

A

False. EVERSION.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Contents of the cervical mucus plug

A

immunoglobulins and cytokines (prevent infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When the mucus plug is expelled along with blood during delivery, what is it called?

A

bloody show

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

For how long does the corpus luteum maintain progesterone in the endometrium?

A

6-7 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

In benign tumors, do we wait until 8 weeks to remove it from the ovaries?

A

Yes, to be sure it will not affect any fetus in case the woman is pregnant (it is always safer to let the 6-7 weeks pass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

In malignant tumors, do we wait until 8 weeks to remove it from the endometrium?

A

No. It’s malignant!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where does the decidual reaction take place?

A

On and beneath the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the average diameter of the vascular pedicle (ovarian blood vessels) in pregnant women? In non-pregnant women?

A

2.6 in pregnant. 0.9 in non-pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When was pregnancy luteoma discovered and who discovered it?

A

1963, Sternberg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

microscopic to >20cm cells that regress spontaneously after delivery

A

pregnancy luteoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Does the trophoblast have a capacity to convert androgens and androgen-like steroids to estrogen?

A

Yes. This is demonstrated in the pregnancy luteoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What causes theca lutein cysts?

A

Exaggerated follicle stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which cyst would show as “honeycomb” in appearance? Pregnancy Luteoma? or Theca Lutein Cysts?

A

Theca Lutein Cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

True or False: Pregnancy Luteoma is associated with high levels of hCG (seen in trophoblastic disease-causing-tumors or twin pregnancies)

A

False. Theca Lutein Cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What part of the female reproductive system undergoes the least change?

A

Fallopian tubes

49
Q

What is Chadwick’s Sign?

A

Hyperpigmentation and vascularity of vagina and perineum

50
Q

Approximately what is the size of the baby’s head?

A

9.6 cm

51
Q

True or False: There is an increase in cervical secretions within the vagina

A

True

52
Q

What sensations do the breasts have during pregnancy?

A

Tenderness and paresthesia

53
Q

Which aspects of the breasts enlarge during pregnancy (by the 2nd month) and contribute to its increase in size?

A

Veins, ducts, erectile ligaments, Glands of Montgomery

54
Q

By how much is the metabolism of the mother increased at the 3rd month?

A

10-20% (plus 10% pa ulit in twin pregnancies)

55
Q

How many additional calories/day is the requirement of pregnant mothers?

A

300 cal/day (or 80, 000 kcal)

56
Q

Average weight gain during pregnancy

A

25-30 lbs or approximately 12.5kg

57
Q

Where is fat deposited and concentrated during pregnancy?

A

central area

58
Q

True or False: Plasma osmolality increases during pregnancy

A

False. It decreases. That’s why you have more water retention (there is little water movement)

59
Q

How much water is retained during pregnancy?

A

6.5L

60
Q

How much water is retained by the fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid?

A

3.5L

61
Q

Which have the least amount of water retention in pregnant women? How much exactly?

A

plasma vol., interstitial tissue and breast size. 1.5 L

62
Q

water retention of ankles and legs (volume?)

A

1L

63
Q

True or False: There is a decrease in venous pressure below the uterus during pregnancy

A

False. There is an increase because IVC and aorta are partially occluded. This also affects edema in legs and ankles

64
Q

Decrease in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure is apparent at _____ months and/or _____ weeks

A

8-9 mos. and/or 20-24 weeks AOG

65
Q

What is more important in determining fetal weight and birthweight? Amount of water or amount of fat?

A

Amount of water

66
Q

True or False: There is maternal blood is rich in fat

A

False. It is rich in protein.

67
Q

Where are amino acid concentrations richer? In fetal side? Or in maternal side?

A

Fetal side. Fetus needs lots of protein!

68
Q

What is the major energy substrate of fetal and placental metabolism?

A

Glucose

69
Q

Mother: hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia?

A

Trick question. Both BUT hypoglycemia only while fasting. Hyperglycemia mostly due to insulin resistance

70
Q

By how much lower is the insulin action in pregnancy lowered compared to non-pregnant women?

A

50-70%

71
Q

Increase in the concentrations of what may aid in increased insulin resistance?

A

FFA (free fatty acids)

72
Q

During fasting, plasma levels of FFA, triglycerides, and cholesterol are higher or lower?

A

Higher, since the body (and fetus) consumes glucose rapidly first before moving on to proteins and protein derivatives

73
Q

Ketonemia in pregnant women occur when?

A

When the body’s glucose storage is significantly decreased

74
Q

When is fat deposition fastest?

A

Midpregnancy

75
Q

Should you have a cholesterol test during pregnancy? Why or why not?

A

No because cholesterol levels are naturally high and you may have a false positive result for a cholesterol-induced disease

76
Q

Which kind of cholesterol increases at 25 wks, plateaus until 32 weeks, then declines and remains constant?

A

HDL

77
Q

When are cholesterol levels at their lowest?

A

3rd trimester due to rapid growth

78
Q

What happens to serum Na and K?

A

Increases

79
Q

How much Na and K are retained during pregnancy?

A

1000 mEq Na and 300 mEq K

80
Q

What happens to glomerular filtration? To tubular reabsorption? To excretion?

A

Inc., Inc., Unchanged

81
Q

What happens to serum concentrations of Na and K during pregnancy?

A

Slightly lower (due to increased plasma volume)

82
Q

What happens to serum calcium levels during pregnancy?

A

Decrease (due to lowered plasma albumin concentration and decreased binding)

83
Q

What happens to levels of ionized calcium during pregnancy?

A

Unchanged

84
Q

What causes serum calcium levels to decrease?

A

Lowered plasma albumin concentration

85
Q

How much of 30g of calcium by the 3rd term is deposited in the fetal skeleton?

A

80%

86
Q

What mediates doubling of maternal intestinal calcium reabsorption?

A

Vit. D3

87
Q

What is the recommended amount of calcium intake for ALL women (pregnant or not)?

A

1000mg-1200mg (about 2 glasses of milk)

88
Q

What happens to serum magnesium?

A

Generally decreases (both ionized and bound)

89
Q

What happens to the threshold of serum phosphate?

A

Increased due to increase in calcitonin (calcitonin lowers calcium levels)

90
Q

True or False: Pregnancy is a hypovolemic state

A

False. Pregnancy is a HypERvolemic state

91
Q

How much blood is lost in vaginal delivery?

A

about 500 mL

92
Q

How much blood is lost in C-section delivery?

A

1000-1500 mL

93
Q

At which trimester is the volume expansion at its greatest?

A

2nd

94
Q

In which trimester does volume fall?

A

3rd

95
Q

True or False: There is a lowered hematocrit and viscosity by the third trimester.

A

True. Due to hemodilution

96
Q

Normal and term hemoglobin level

A

12.5g/dL

97
Q

Pregnant hemoglobin level

A

11g/dL

98
Q

True or False: Erythrocyte and Reticulocyte counts decrease

A

False. It elevates.

99
Q

Occurrence in the bone marrow that causes the elevation of erythrocytes and reticulocytes

A

erythroid hyperplasia

100
Q

Body’s natural iron store

A

300 mg

101
Q

Total iron content of normal adult women

A

2.0-2.5 g

102
Q

How much iron does a pregnant woman need?

A

1000 mg

103
Q

How much iron is lost through normal routes of excretion?

A

200 mg

104
Q

How much iron is transferred to fetus and placenta?

A

300 mg

105
Q

What is the threshold for iron that needs to be met? If it falls below this, may indicate iron deficiency.

A

11-12.5 g/dL

106
Q

Condition of an anemic baby with heart failure

A

hydropsfetalis

107
Q

True or False: Pregnancy is an Immunosuppressed state

A

True

108
Q

Which are decreased during immunosuppression?

A

IL-2, TNF-B, Interferon-y, (absent) interferon-a, T-cytotoxic 1 cells, T-helper 1 cells

109
Q

Which are increased in immunosuppression?

A

IL-4, 6, and 13; Th-2; IgA, IgG, Interleukin-1B

110
Q

Leukocyte count during pregnancy

A

5k-12k; It’s normal to have as high as 16

111
Q

Distribution of cell types CD-8 T lymphocytes and CD-4 T lymphocytes

A

CD-8 increases, CD-4 decreases

112
Q

True or False: Alkaline Phosphatase activity decreases during pregnancy

A

False. It increases.

113
Q

True or False: Pregnancy is a Hypocoagulative state

A

False. It is a HypERcoagulative state

114
Q

Increase of which clotting factors during pregnancy?

A

All except factors XI and XIII

115
Q

What do you call platelets whose widths and volumes increase?

A

Young platelets. These are easily destroyed. The increase in destruction of platelets due to inc. in plasma levels = inc. in young platelets.

116
Q

What happens to regulatory proteins during hypercoagulable state?

A

Protein C activity decreased, Protein C resistance increased, Protein S concomitant decrease

117
Q

What happens to levels of antithrombin?

A

Unchanged

118
Q

True or False: Pateints with Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APAS) do not have problems with coagulation/clotting

A

False. They have problems, and this encourages deep vein thrombosis from vessel-occlusion

HD 201 E2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions