Materials for Furniture Construction Flashcards
The most prevalent raw material for furniture industries. Can be converted into veneer, plywood and particle board which provides a defect-free, wide dimensions and a table materials.
Wood
Timber that is sawn or split in the form of beams, boards, joists, planks, esp. that which is smaller than heavy timber.
Lumber
Coniferous or cone-bearing, needle-leafed, usually evergreen tree.
Softwoods
These are deciduous or broad-leafed trees with the presence of pores, or vessels.
Hardwoods
A most expensive Philippine wood specie, used for furniture and panelings, for expensive flooring, door panels, stairs and plywood veneer and facings.
Narra
Philippine hardwood species used for posts and girders, or jambs attached to concrete and also for wooden decks having flooring and railings exposed to weather.
Yakal and Guijo
A Philippine softwood specie that is used for panelings, sidings, flooring and furniture. Also used for framings and trusses.
Pine Benguet
Philippine wood species that are most common lumber in the market. Used generally for framings, joists, trusses, nailers, etc.
Tanguile (Philippine Mahogany) and Apitong
A Philippine wood specie used for framings, chests, and jewel boxes.
White and Red Lauan
A Philippine hardwood specie for chests, jewel boxes, stair frames. It’s finish is black w/ brownish streaks.
Kamagong
A Philippine wood specie that is used for panelings and plywood veneer. It’s a wood specie similar to Walnut.
Dao
A Philippine wood specie that is similar to pine, and used for paneling. Not sturdy for structural elements.
Almaciga
A wood specie used to make “Santos”.
Batikuling
A wood specie that is light grayish-brown to reddish brown in texture. Its striking grain figure and large open pores are its most distinct property.
Oak
A type of wood that is creamy white to light reddish-brown in color. Frequently straight-grained and tiny wood pores. Bird’s eye pattern and special burl figures are also available.
Maple
A wood that is light gray-brown to dark purple-brown in color. Wide variety of plain and highly figured patterns.
Walnut
A wood that is cream color to light reddish-brown. It has visible resin canals and obvious growth rings.
Pine
A creamy white to light reddish-brown type of wood with extremely small pores.
Birch
A wood specie that is light to dark reddish-brown. It has straight grain and small individual pores.
Cherry
A wood specie that is grayish through creamy white through to a reddish-dark brown. It has distinct straight grains and open pores.
Ash
A wood specie that is yellowish-brown through reddish brown to dark red in color. Frequently highly figured grain pattern and open wood pores. Extremely stable making it perfect for table tops.
Mahogany
A very light brown hardwood. Distinct straight grain and open pores. Commonly used as bentwood.
Beech
A light yellow to brownish-yellow with green tinge wood. Even texture and straight grain pattern with barely visible pores.
Poplar
Tawny yellow to dark brown with frequent lighter and darker streaks. Pattern very similar to that of Walnut.
Teak
Creamy white to reddish brown wood. Occasional dark streaks(growing in different seasons) and large wood pores.
Pecan
Light brown to dark brown often containing shades of red; straight grain pattern with obvious light and dark boundaries. Excellent bending qualities.
Elm
Various shades of dark brown to dark purple; conspicuous dark streaks; large open wood pores. Commonly used in Chinese furniture.
Rosewood
Creamy white to yellowish with obvious differences between spring and summer growth. Pronounced resin canal, and wild grain markings make this a difficult wood to finish.
Fir
Deep reddish-brown wood with obvious alternating spring and summer growth rings.
Redwood
Light red with light colored streaks running throughout; knotty pattern and other natural markings are always present. Highly aromatic and moderately hard though brittle.
Cedar
Pale reddish-brown; obvious wide growth pattern and small wood pores. Fine textured and good shock resistance.
Sycamore
Pale to dark brown with occasional red streaks running throughout; large open wood pores.
Butternut
Creamy white to creamy brown wood with frequent reddish markings; faint growth rings and broad wood raise which are darker than the background wood. Very weak with a low resistance to shock.
Basswood
A method of drying wood wherein lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation to allow air to circulate around every piece while sloping allows water to run off quickly.
Air-drying or Sun drying
A wood drying method where the wood is artificially dried to the correct moisture content.
Kiln Drying
The dimensions of a piece of wood before it is planed down.
Nominal Size
The dimensions of lumber after it has been dressed.
Actual Size
A piece of lumber 12 inches wide, 1 inch thick and 1 foot long.
Board Foot
What are the different types of wood grain structure?
- Straight grain
- Inter-locked grain
- Wavy or Curly grain
A wood grain structure where fibers are running in the same direction as the main axis of the tree.
Straight grain
A wood grain structure where grains are in successive layers and in opposite direction.
Inter-locked grain
A grain structure that are constantly changing in orientation so that a line drawn parallel to their direction appears as wavy lines.
Wavy or Curly Grain
A type of wood grain structure which results when a straight grained log is not sawn along its vertical axis.
Diagonal Grain
A type of wood grain structure when trees grow twisted. The board’s fibers follow a course with a twist that is either left or right handed.
Spiral Grain
A type of wood grain structure wherein the board’s fibers run approximately parallel with the vertical axis of the log from which it originated.
Straight Grain
This type of wood grain structure results when the direction of wood fibers has constantly changed.
Wavy Grain
A wood grain structure that have fibers at directions that are varying and irregular from the log’s vertical axis.
Irregular Grain
A type of wood grain structure with grains that result from trees whose fibers lined up in opposite directions in each growth year.
Interlocked Grain
A wood grain structure when wood is cut parallel to the grain directions and tangent to the growth rings.
Plain/Tangential or Flat Grain
A wood grain structure when board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings.
Quarter or Radial Grain
A wood grain structure when board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and the growth rings).
End Grain
The most common method of sawing a lumber because it produces the highest quantity of usable lumber. A method wherein the sawyer begins by sawing several boards from one side of the log, turns it 90 degrees and saws several more, and continues in this manner “sawing around” the log. Its boards show flat grain on their faces and quarter grain on the edges.
Plain Sawing
A method of sawing lumber wherein the sawyer cuts the logs in quarters, then slices each quarter into boards. Its boards show mostly quarter grain on their faces and flat grain on the edges.
Quarter Sawing
A method of sawing a lumber which is sometimes called sawing through and through. It produces much wider boards than other methods, and these boards show mostly mixed grain - flat grain near the center of the face and quarter grain near the edges.
Live Saw
These are in effect the basal stumps of incipient or cast-off branches in the living tree.
Knots
Small knots in wood 1/2 in (12.5mm) or under, often caused by the shedding of early branches. Usually allowable in prime timber.
Pin Knots
These are knots sliced through their length during sawing, and commonly known as ‘slash knots’.
Spike or Splay Knots
These are dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge, and often ringed with resin in softwood.
Encased Knots
2 or 3 knots springing from a common center.
Branched Knots
The lengthwise separation of the wood along the grain.
Shakes
A form of a wood shake defect wherein the log splits from the pith or heart radially along the medullary rays, usually indicating that the tree has passed its prime.
Radial Shakes
A form of a wood shake defect that project inwardly from a definite frost rib on the cambium. It is a result of a severe weather.
Frost Shakes
A form of a wood shake defect when the soft springwood of the log splits away from the harder summerwood, either during seasoning or through shearing stresses in the growing tree.
Tangential Shakes
When tangential shakes run along part of the annual ring only.
Cup Shakes
When tangential shakes run completely around the log.
Ring Shakes
A form of a wood shake defect caused by compression and not by splitting/shearing, while the actual rupture is across the grain and not with it as with all other shakes.
Cross Shakes
A natural wood defect that is sometimes known as resin pockets, they can appear either as thin veins or shallow cavities filled with resin. Caused by damage to the cambium layer in resinous woods.
Pitch Veins
A natural wood defect which are repeated damage to the cambium layer by small insects. It is often healed over with hark, and may show as small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods.
Pitch Flecks
A natural wood defect that are patches of ingrowing bark, probably caused by exterior damage to the growing tree.
Rind Galls
A natural wood defect which shows patches of sapwood that survive within the heartwood and show as lighter patches.
Internal Sapwood
A wood defect caused either by fungal or insect attack irritating the cambium layers, and resulting in large rapid growths, usually at the base of the tree.
Burls/Burrs
Tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth incorporated in the normal wood growth.
Callus
These are dead sections in the branches of a tree caused by fungoid disease.
Canker
A depression in the outer surface of a log where the tree failed to renew following an injury. A partially heated fire scar.
Catface
An artificial wood defect when the plank hollows across the width forming a rounding on the under face, often due to incorrect piling.
Cupping or Rounding
A wood defect when the plank is curved like a bow throughout its length.
Bowing
A wood defect that is sometimes known as edge bend. The wood remains flat but bends edgewise on its own plane.
Springing
A wood defect wherein the plank twists on its longitudinal axis with the result that the long edges are straight, but the diagonals are curved. Usually known as ‘ in winding’.
Twisting
A wood defect when the butt end of the plank splits open, usually caused by too rapid drying or sometimes by too much temperature.
End Splitting
A wood defect when the wood is covered with small splits along the grain caused by too rapid drying in hot sun.
Sun Checking
The lifting of the wood in innumerable small layers caused by incorrect seasoning or sometimes due to structural weakness.
Flaking
A wood defect when the grain runs obliquely to the longitudinal axis caused by incorrect sawing.
Diagonal Grain
A defect in wood caused by too rapid drying resulting in the outside cells of the timber drying and hardening, sealing of moisture in the central part of the board.
Case Hardening
Severe internal stresses and subsequent checking of the wood fibers not visible from outside cause by continuous kiln drying of case hardened timber.
Honeycombing
The shrinking & warping of wood caused by too rapid kilning or too slow drying at high temperature.
Collapse
A type of wood finish that emphasize and enhance the charm of natural wood color and grain.
Transparent
A type of transparent wood finish that soaks into the wood pores to give a natural look and feel.
Penetrating Finishes
A type of transparent wood finish that seals wood pores for protection against water and other destructive elements.
Surface Coating
A transparent wood finish that is made from resins dissolved in ethyl alcohol. It forms a high-gloss film on the surface when dried.
(Resin + Ethyl Alcohol)
Clear Lacquer
A transparent wood finish made from various gums and resins dissolved in an oil or alcohol. It gives a relatively hard, tough and reasonably elastic finish.
(Resin+Oil)
Classified into 2 types, natural and synthetic
Varnish
