Materials For Construction Flashcards
- most prevalent raw material
- unique and valuable
- distinct advantage to feasibility
Wood
-Timber Sawn
- split in the form of beams, boards, joists, planks
Lumber
Coniferous or cone bearing, needle leafed
Softwood
Deciduous or broad leafed trees. From flowering plants
Hardwood
- most expensive philippine wood
- high grade furniture &cabinet
Narra
Hardwood used for posts and girders
Yakal and Guijo
Softwood used for panelings, sidings and furniture
Pine Benguet
Most common lumber in the market
- for framing, joists, trusses, nailers
Tanguile
For framings, chests, jewel boxes
White and Red Lauan
Has distinct dark grains. Hardwood for chests, jewel boxes and stair frames
Kamagong
Used for paneling and plywood veneer
- high grade furniture and cabinet
Dao
similar to pine, used for paneling
Almaciga
Used for saints
Baticulin
- reddish brown
- coarse texture
- medium grade beams, girders, rafters, chords, purlins
Apitong
Imported wood that is grayish brown to reddish brown. Has great wear resistance
Oak
Imported wood that has creamy white to reddish brown.
- heavy hard, strong and stiff: good shock resistance
Maple
Important properties for timber
1. S_______________
2. W_______
3. D_______
4. C_____
5. B____________
6. G___________
7. G________
8. F________
9.R_________to W_________ and I__________
- Strength and related properties of toughness, rigidity and hardness
- Workablity
- Drying properties and its tendency in Shrinking and Swelling
- Color
- Bending properties
- Grain structure and figure pattern
- Gluing properties
- Finishing
9.Resistance to Weathering and Insect damage
Grains running in the same direction
Straight grain
Grains in successive layer in opposite direction
Inter-locked grain
Constantly changing in orientation so that a line drawn parallel to their direction appears as wavy line
Wavy or Curly grain
Methods of Drying wood
1. N________
2. K_________
3. W________
- Natural Drying
- Kiln Drying
- Water Seasoning
Large sizes of those used for joists and beams
Timber
1 1/2 to 4 inches thick of wood
Plank
1/2 to 1 1/2 inches thick
Boards
Lumber is free from knots or sapwood
Clear
Lumber is planed smooth
Dressed, Surfaced, Sized
Lumber is planed on two sides
S2S
Lumber is planed on two sides and one edge
S3S
Lumber is planed on four sides
S4S
T&G
Tongue and groove
B.M.
Board measure
B.F
Board feet
Unit of measurement for lumber
Board Feet
L x W x THK(inch)
_______________________
12
Board feet formula
After the lumber is planed/ dressed
-5 = < 80 > = -10
Actual size of lumber
A piece of wood before S1S,S2S,S4S
Nominal Size
12 inches wide, 1 inch thick and 1 foot long
- nominal size of a dressed lumber
Board Foot
A straight- grained log is not sawn along its vertical axis
Diagonal Grain
Trees grow twisted, spiral-grained logs are produced. Fibers follow a spiral course with a twist that is either left or right handed
Spiral Grain
Board fibers run approximately parallel with the vertical axis of the log
Straight Grain
This type of grain results wen the direction of wood fibers has constantly changed
Wavy Grain
Board of this type has fibers at direction that are varying and irregular from the log’s vertical axis
Irregular Grain
Boards with this grain result from trees whose fibers lined up in opposite directions in each growth
Interlocked Grain
When wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings
Plain/Tangential or Flat Grain
When board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings
Quarter or Radial Grain
When board is cut across the grain
End grain
- most common method of sawing lumber
- produces the highest quantity of usable lumber
- shows flat grain on their faces and quarter grain on the edges
Plain Sawing
- cuts the log in quarters then slice each quarter into boards
- shows mostly quarter grain on their faces and flat grain on the edges
Quarter Sawing
- Sawing through and through
- shows mostly mixed grain - flat grain near the center of the face and quarter grain near the edges
Live Saw
- natural shrinkage of wood - seasonal checks, insects and fungal attack
- artificial defect- incorrect sawing or seasoning
Wood Defect
- softer, younger outer portion of a tree
-permeable, less durable, lighter in color - pores that permits liquid can pass through
Sapwood
- older, harder central portion of a tree
- denser, less permeable and more durable
- close and pocketed
Heartwood
Natural Defect:
Cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth caused by irregular shrinkage during drying
Checks
Natural Defect:
Cracks between and parallel to the annual rings of the growth
Shakes
Natural Defect:
Irregular growths in the body of a tree which interrupt the smooth curve of the grain
Knots
Natural Defect:
Well-defined openings between annual rings containing solid or liquid pitch
Pitchpockets
Natural Defect:
The lack of wood on the edge or corner of a place
Wane
Natural Defect:
Caused buy the attack of fungi
Decay
Artificial Defect:
Planks hollow across the width of, may be the effect of incorrect piling.
Cupping or rounding
Artificial Defects:
Plank is curved like a bow along its length
Bowing
Artificial Defects:
Also called as edge-bend
Springing
Artificial Defects:
The long edges are straight but the diagonals are curved
Twisting or Winding
Plane surface of the piece caused by unequal shrinkage of the board
Warping
Lumber that is surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size
Dressed Lumber
Lumber that is saw, edged and trimmed but not surfaced
Rough Lumber
Lumber that is 2”thick and less than 8” wide
Strips
- lessens the liability of the wood to be attacked by the fungi causing blueing and decay, and by some wood-boring insects
- reduction of weight
- increased strength
- minimum shrinkage
- reduced checking and warping
- increased nail-holding power of the wood
- improvement of the wood for the application of paint and receive wood preservatives
Advantages of seasoned lumber
- greater reduction in weight
- control of moisture content to any desirable value
- reduction in drying time
- killing of any fungi or insects
- less degrade (loss in quality during seasoning of the lumber
Advantages of Kiln Drying
Molave, ipil, yakal and etc.
Posts and other parts requiring strength and durability
Molave, ipil, yakal, guijo, apitong, bakauan
Post placed on top of concrete piers 30cm. Above ground lines
Yakal, narig, guijo, ipil, apitong
Beams, girders, rafters, chords, purlins
Applied to wood for its protection and enhance its grain structure, or its wood appearance
Wood finishes
Classifications of wood finishes
1. T_______
2. T_______
3. O______
Transparent
Transluscent
Opaque
Enhances the charm of natural wood grain
Transparent
Finishes that the wood absorbs; soaks into the wood to provide a natural feel
Penetrating Finishes
Wraps around the surface; a protective coat which seals the wood pores against harmful elements
Surface Coating
- Resin + Ethyl Alcohol
- forms a glossy film on the wood surface
- also called Japanning
Lacquer
- Oil + Resis
- resins are dissolved in oil or alcohol spirit
- natural: made from gums from plants, vegetable and insects
- synthetic: made from synthetic resin, or esterified glycerine
Varnish
- Lac flakes + Denatured alcohol
- spirit varnish
- lac flakes are secreted by an insect onto trees
Shellac
Type of finish may be achieved by boiling linseed oil or other oils
Oil Stain Finish
- transparent plastic finish made out of polyhydric alcohol esterfied with oleic linoleic, palmetic and fatty acids and mineral spirits
- moisture and oil free
- tough, hard, flexible finish
- highly resistant to dirt retention chipping, solvents, detergents, acids, hot and cold water
Polyurethane finish
Acids or chlorine are applied, these are called bleaching agents.
Bleach finish
Type of bleach finish that is:
- comparatively weak
- excellent for removing chemicals, dyes,ink, water stains from the wood surface
Chlorinated Laundry beach
Type of bleach finish that is:
- best bleach to use on natural wood colors
Oxallic Acid
Type of bleach finish that is:
-fairly expensive and extremely strong
- can bring out really light tones on dark wood
Two-solution bleaches
Contains oil plus natural synthetic resins
Oleoresinous Varnish
contains solvents plus natural synthetic resins.
* Shellac falls under this group
Spirit varnish
Made up of cellulose derivatives, resins, gums, volatile solvents as medium, softeners and pigments. Pigments may be introduced in the mixture in a wide variety of colors resulting to an opaque lacquer finish
Clear Lacquer
Achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying processed fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol.
Wax or Film finish
Dyes or pigments suspended in water or oil. It alters coloring of the wood or accentuates its natural color without covering the grain
Wood Stain finish
Finishes which provide protection and decoration
Opaque finishes
Solid pigment suspended in a liquid vehicle which is applied to surface, providing protection, sanitation and decoration
Enamels or Paints
Simulates appearances which are natural.
Decorative and Fanciful finishes
- made up of four ingredients
Paints and Enamels
A fine, soluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to paint
- White ___- white lead, titanium, oxide, or lithopane
- Colored ____-derived from minerals and clay
- Extenders - talc, silica
Pigment
Non- volatile fluid where the solid body is suspended
- drying oils - linseed oil, fish oil, soybean oil
- varnish
Vehicles
A volatile liquid used to dilute paint or varnish to the desired consistency for ease in application
- turpentine, mineral spirits and benzene gasoline
Thinners
Added to the paint in order to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of the vehicle.
Driers
Thin sheet of wood of wood made either through sawing, slicing , or peeling from a log cut to a given measurement
- thickness 0.1mm to 0.6mm
Wood Veneers
Made of veneer sheets which are glued together
Plywood
Series of wood core strips glued together side by side to form a slab which is sandwiched between outer layers of vneer or thin plywood
Plyboards
Wood chips are mixed with resin glue and pressed to sheets to uniform thickness
Also called chipboard
Particle Board
High density fiber
Usually used for drawer bottoms and back panels
Fiber Boards
For office furniture and kitchen cabinets
Melamine board
Term for panel manufactured woodsheet primarily from interfelted lignocellulose fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in hot press
Hardboard
Climbing palm with numerous thorns or spines ,hairs, and bristles scattered all over the plant
Rattan
Classification of Rattan
- specie with a diameter of 25mm and over
Palasan
Classification of Rattan
- specie with a diameter of 15mm to 24mm
Tumalim
Classification of Rattan
- specie with less than 15mm diameter
- usually glossy, flexible, bright yellow.
- superior than panlis
Sika
Classification of Rattan
- specie with less than 15mm diameter and has inferior quality
Panlis
Method of Bending Rattan that:
- stems are cut into the required size and placed in steam compartment for 10 minutes
Steam bending
Method of Bending Rattan that:
- rattan parts are heated directly yhrough a heated piece of metal
Blow torch
Method of Bending Rattan that:
- By S_____ on H______
By soaking on hot water
Woody grass used in a variety of ways ranging from food to housing materials, furniture and handicraft products
Bamboo
Specie of bamboo commonly used for furniture making
1. K______
2. K______
3. B______
4. B______
Kawayang tink
Kawayang kiling
Bayog
Botong
Largest palm in the philippines reaching a height of 20m high. This palm tree is a rich source of raw materials
Buri
Barrel chairs
Love seats
Peacock chair
Stools
Book and display stands
Headboards
Coffee and end tables
Plant holders
Lampshades
Dividers and wall decorations
Furniture made from buri
- important upholstery material for furniture
- local tanners get it mostly from water buffalos
- hides is from: cows, carabaos, horses
- skin is from: calves, sheep, goats, pigs, alligators
- kips is from: reptiles such as snakes and lizards
- glazed finish- glass rubbed over = suede
- grain finish- hand rubbing till smooth
Leather
- coconut
- cocoshell
- glass and stone
- tempered
- marble
- wicker
Other furniture materials
Long chain of molecular structures evolved from common elements
Plastics
The necessary degree of polymerization have been achieved. Becomes soft when heated and hardened when cooled
samples:
- (PE)polyethlene
- (PVC) polyvinyl chloride
- Polystyrene
- Acrylics
- Nylon
- Polypropylene
- Vinyl
Thermoplastic
Polymerization has been arrested at a stage, which produces relatively short chain molecules. Hardened by chemical action that takes place in the presence of heat. Once set, heat does not cause softening so that the set form is almost permanent.
sample:
- Epoxy
- Laminates
- Phenolics
- Polyurethane
- Fiberglass
- Polyesters
- Urethane
Thermosetting
Both polyurethane isocyanate and polystyrene can be foamed with a suitable gassing agents to form rigid shell-structures
Rigid Foam Plastics
Characteristic of plastic foam
- high thermal resistance
- low water absorption
- good adhesion
Polyurethane
Characteristic of plastic foam
- low resistance for given thickness
- good thermal stability
- core material of sandwich panels
Phenolic Foam
Characteristic of plastic foam
- high thermal resistance
- low mechanical strength
- high water absorption
- cavity for wall insulation
Urea- formaldehyde
Characteristic of plastic foam
- good insulation
- high strength
- good chemical and moisture resistance
- high cost
- spray applications for storage tanks and vessels
Epoxy
Fiber material for it can be hold drawn to five times its original strength, thus straightening the chain molecules and imparting great strength and wear resistance
Nylon
Familiarly known as Formica, Wilson Art, Consulweld etc.
Decorative Plastic Laminates
- also called melamine
- thinner, less durable
- less expensive
Low-Pressure Plastic Laminate
Expensive but with a durable color finish sprayed on cabinetry usually over an MDF substrate. Most durable of all gloss finishes
Polyester
Thermal- activated vinyl composition that forms to any configurations with heat and glue. Shrink wraps the entire door
Thermafoil
Layers of compressed resin and paper are adhered to a substrate.
High Pressure Laminate
Composed mainly of iron with small addition of other metals
Ferrous metals
Iron with traces of silicate. It is easily worked and is tough and ductile.
Wrought iron
Iron with small amounts of carbon, silicon, sulfur
Cast iron
Iron with up to 0.3 per cent carbon
Mud steel
Steel with chromium and nickel
Stainless Steel
Composition varies by addition of different elements such as nickel, chromium, copper and manganese to molten steel
Tool and Alloy steel
High resistance to corrosion
Copper bearing steel
Contains little to no iron
Non-Ferrous metal
Lustrous, silver- white, magnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable, has good thermal end electrical conductivity
Aluminum
Pure metal. Lustrous, reddish-brown metal; highly ductile and malleable
Copper
Pure metal
Zinc
Pure metal. Lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low melting point and is relatively unaffected by exposure to air
Tin
Combination of two or more metals
Alloys
Copper with Tin
Bronze
Aluminum with copper and other metals
Duralumin
Copper with zinc
Brass
Properties of metal:
- slow hardening process, which takes place to certain alloys
Age-hardening
Properties of metal that:
- ability to break under a sharp blow
Brittleness
Properties of metal that:
- capacity to transmit heat and electricity
Conductivity
Properties of metal that:
- ability to be stretched into fine wire without fracture
Ductility
Properties of metal that:
- ability to regain original shape after deformation
Elasticity
Properties of metal that:
- property of becoming liquid when heated
Fusibility
Properties of metal that:
- resistance to deformation
Hardness
Properties of metal that:
- capacity to be extended in all directions without fracturing by rolling, hammering or beating
Malleability
Properties of metal that:
- resistance to a pulling force
Tenacity or cohesion
Properties of metal that:
- hardening of metal while it is being hammered or bent
Work- Hardening
Method in which a coating material is applied on a metallic substrate. Cleaning and chemical pre-treatment on one side or single and multiple applications of liquid or powder coating materials
Coating (organic)
Non- metallic coating:
- coating with a non-transparent formulation
Painting/ Enameling
Non- metallic coating:
- coating with a formulation based on a dissolved material which forms a transparent layer primarily after drying by evaporation of the solvent
Lacquering
Continuous coating of metal strip
Coil Coating
Single coating of any type with no particular requirements for appearance, malleability, corrosion protection, etc.
Backing Coat
Treatment of metal with chemical solutions by dipping or spraying to build up an oxide film containing chromates or phosphates
Chemical conversion coating
Application of a priming paint often pigmented with a corrosion inhibitor such as zinc chromate, after suitable treatment
Priming
Application of a solution containing a resin, a chromate and an acid, which is allowed to dry on and provide the key for subsequent painting
Pretreatment painting
Single coating or a primer
Single coating system
System comprising a primer or a base coat and a top coat
Multiple coat system
Dry paint film of the coated product or the organic film metal laminate
Organic Coating
Organic film applied to a substrate to which an adhesive and if, appropriate, a primer has been applied beforehand
Film Coating
Process of applying a thin coating of an expensive anti-corrosive metal
- chrome, nickel, bronze, silver, zinc plate
Metallic Coating
Chemical treatment to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface
Chemical Brightening
Polishing of a metal surface by immersion in a solution of chemical reagents
Chemical Polishing
Removal of oil or grease, usually by a suitable organic solvent or an aqueous detergent
Degreasing
Roughening of the surface of a metal by overall or selective dissolution in acid or caustic media
Etching
Removal of a thin surface layer of a metal by chemical action
Pickling
Electrochemical treatment to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface
Electrochemical Brightening
Polishing of a metal surface by making it anodic in an appropriate electrolyte
Electropolishing
Metal with an anodic coating, produced by an electrolytic oxidation process in which metal is converted to a mainly oxide coating
Anodized metal
Metal with a substantially colorless, translucent anodic oxidation coating
Clear Anodized metal
Anodized metal colored anodizing or coloring process
Color anodized Metal
Metal that has been anodize using an appropriate electrolyte which produces a colored coating
Integral Color Anodized metal
Metal with an anodic oxidation coating that has been colored by the electrolytic deposition of a metal oxide into the pore structure
Electrolytically Colored Anodized metal
Metal with anodic oxidation coating colored by absorption of dye-stuff or pigments into the pore structure
Dyed Anodized metal
Metal with an anodic oxidation coating that is colored by electrolytic coloring followed by absorption dyeing
Combination color Anodized Metal
Metal with an anodic oxidation coating colored by means of optical interference effects
Interference Color Anodized metal
Anodized metal with a high specular reflectance as the primary characteristic
Bright Anodized metal
Anodizing where protection against corrosion or wear is the primary characteristic and appearance is secondary or of no importance
Protective Anodizing
Anodizing where a decorative finish with a uniform or aesthetically pleasing appearance is the primary characteristic
Decorative Anodizing
Anodizing to produce an architectural finish to be used in permanent, exterior. And static situations where both appearance and long life are important
Architectural anodizing
Anodized metal on which the anodic oxidation coating has been produced with wear or abrasion resistance is the primary characteristic
Hard Anodized metal
Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to reduce porosity and the absorption capacity of the coating by hydrothermal carried processes carried out after anodizing
Sealing
Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to plug the pores and reduce the absorption capacity of the coating by chemical processes carries out at low temperatures after anodizing
Cold impregnation
The part of the product covered or the be covered by the coating and for which the coating is essential for serviceability and/or appearance
Significant surface
Process of using colored powder that is given a positive electric charge. The finished surface will not corrode from the elements, which makes them ideal for exterior applications
Powder-coating
-raising, molding or carving a surface design in relief
Embossing
To carve, cut designs in metal
Engraving
Process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create design
Etching
A technique used to work metal into a raised design or pattern by sinking the front surface
Chasing
Heating metal to restore it to its softest possible working state
Annealing
Treating steel to improve its corrosion - resistance. Metal is heated to create an oxide skin, the quenched in oil
Bluing
Production of metal shapes by poring molten metal into moulds
Casting
Forcing malleable materials through holes to produce bars, sections or tubes
Extruding
Shaping hot metal by hammering
Forging
Producing hardness in high carbon steel by heating it to bright cherry red, then quenching water on brine
Hardening
Forming metal sheet of ductile metal is forced over a wood or metal form
Spinning
Forming sheet metal to shape with a press tool
Pressing
Removing some brittleness from steel after it has been hardened
Tempering
Pulling ductile metals through holes in a plate, to reduce their cross-sectional areas
Drawing
Made by drilling a hole in the pieces of metal to be joined, then inserting and fastening nuts and bolts, rivets or screws.
Mechanical method
Are methods of making permanent connection in metals by applying a molten alloy between the joint faces
Soldering and Brazing
An extremely strong means of joining metals
Welding
Alloy whose main base is tin with small amount of other metal usually antimony, copper, lead or zinc
Pewter
A white metallic element is sonorous ,ductile, very malleable, and capable of a high degree of polish
Silver
The chief components are iron and carbon
Steel
A soft crystalline silvery metal with brilliant luster. Extremely malleable and may be rolled into thin sheets
Tin
A metal resembling silicon is an important structural metal essential in desalinization plants, space vehicles and jets
Titanium
A bluish crystalline metallic element. Used to galvanize the steel for automobiles, appliances and etc.
Zinc
- leather and leatherette
- upholstery fabric
- katcha or muslin fabric
- jute sack
- foam rubber
- piping cord
- non-sag spring
- coil-spring
- cotton/abaca twine
- sewing thread
- tacks and nails
- kapok
- coconut husk
- feathers
Common materials used for upholstery
- blow molding
- calendering
- casting
- compression molding
- fabrication
- heat sealing
- laminating
- reinforcement
Production techniques used for Plastic
- clear gloss lacquer
- dead flat lacquer
- lacquer thinner
- lacquer flo
- wood bleach
- wood filler
- sanding sealer
- wood stain
- varnish
- finishing oil
- glazing putty
- paint
- paint thinner
- tinting color
Materials for wood finishes
- knobs, pull, handles
- hinges
- locks
- escutcheon and escutcheon plate
- sliding fittings
- drawer glides
- knock down fittings
- screws, bolts and nuts
- glider and glider tack
- rollers and ball casters
Some finishing hardware and metal fittings
